Microarray analysis of differentially expressed gene responses to bisphenol A in <i>Arabidopsis </i>

Abstract

-Environmental levels of bisphenol A (BPA) are a global concern because the compound can cause damage to reproductive organs, the thyroid gland, and brain tissues at developmental stages. Plants are important in removing BPA from the atmosphere, soil, and water. However, knowledge on the mechanism by which plants respond to this compound is limited. To determine the response mechanism of plants to BPA, we used a microarray system to analyze the gene expression patterns of Arabidopsis thaliana after irrigation with 3.0 mM BPA. We identified 651 genes that were differentially expressed upregulated and 470 genes that were downregulated by BPA. These genes may specifically contribute to BPA uptake, transformation, conjugation, and compartmentation in plants. The potential function of upregulated genes in plant defense against BPA was also determined.

The effect of bisphenol A on growth, pigment composition and photosystem II activity of Arabidopsis thaliana

“…Nevertheless, no significant oxidative stress symptoms were observed, indicating that low-dose (up to 5 mg/l) BPA pollution may be relatively safe for plants. Our results contradict some other findings, where BPA exposure had a severe effect on A. thaliana development (Tian et al, 2014). Accroding to this research, the minimal, considerably toxic, BPA concentration for A. thaliana exceeds 10 mg/l (50 μM).…”

“…According to our knowledge such effect was not previously observed. On the contrary, some evidence suggests the opposite effect as a very low BPA concentration (as low as 10 nM -less than 0.01 mg/l) inhibits flowering in A. thaliana (Tian et al, 2014). Stress conditions often accelerate flowering in plants.…”

“…Estrogens also have a negatively affect on auxin content (Kopcewicz, 1970a). Notably, auxins and ethylene are hormones involved in the control of flowering and it was suggested, that BPA may interfere negatively with auxin regulation, as well as decrease the expression of particular ethylene-and auxin-dependent genes (Tian et al, 2014;Frejd et al, 2016).…”

The Genomic and Morphological Effects of Bisphenol A on Arabidopsis thaliana

“…These genes did not respond to BPA in a concentration-dependent manner. At high concentrations (13μg/L) BPA resulted in decreased expression of genes related to photosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings[ 16 ]. The broader effect of low level BPA on gene expression across the genome has not yet been determined.…”

Hydrogen Peroxide Production by the Spot-Like Mode Action of Bisphenol A

“…Although plants can absorb and metabolize BPA, at the same time BPA could deteriorate their cellular/physiological status ( Zhang et al., 2017 ). It has been shown that experimentally applied concentrations of BPA (mg/L) negatively affected the growth of many important crops, e.g., soybean ( Qui et al., 2013 ; Zhang et al., 2016 ; Jiao et al., 2017 ; Li X. et al., 2018 ; Zhang et al., 2018 ; Xiao et al., 2019 ), pea ( Adamakis et al., 2013 ), wheat ( Adamakis et al., 2019 ), maize ( Stavropoulou et al., 2018 ), rice ( Ali et al., 2016 ), cucumber ( Li Y. T. et al., 2018 ) and onion ( Adamakis et al., 2019 ); also of non-cultivated plants such as the Cephalonian fir ( Adamakis et al., 2016 ) and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana ( Pan et al., 2013 ; Tian et al., 2014 ; Frejd et al., 2016 ; Ali et al., 2017 ; Rapala et al., 2017 ; Bahmani et al., 2020 ). Growth reduction effects have interestingly been found to occur also after environmentally relevant concentrations (μg/L) applied on cultivated crops, e.g., cabbage and tomato ( Staples et al., 2010 ), native plants such as oat ( Staples et al., 2010 ) and seagrasses ( Adamakis et al., 2018 ; Malea et al., 2020 ).…”