Microalgae Growth under Mixotrophic Condition Using Agro-Industrial Waste: A Review

Pereira, Izabel; Rangel, Adriano H. N.; Chagas, Bruna Maria Emerenciano das; Moura, Bruno de Oliveira; Urbano, Stela Antas; Sassi, Roberto; Câmara, Fabiana R. A.; Castro, Cíntia

doi:10.5772/intechopen.93964

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…Considering the increased production cost, it would be inefficient to produce biomass by applying mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. However, when evaluating the production efficiency of biomass, considerations for both quality and quantity must be evaluated (Pereira et al, 2021). Although the production of protein and pigment was not high, and the amount of improved protein and pigment per gram of glucose consumed was lower under mixotrophic and heterotrophic condition than under the photoautotrophic conditions (Table 3).…”

Section: Efficacy Of Organic Carbon Source In the Production Of Microalgae Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Cultivation Modes (Photoautotrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic) on the Growth of Chlorella sp. and Biocompositions

Yun¹,

Kim²,

Yoon³

2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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In the past, biomass production using microalgae culture was dependent on inorganic carbon sources as microalgae are photosynthetic organisms. However, microalgae utilize both organic and inorganic carbon sources, such as glucose. Glucose is an excellent source of organic carbon that enhances biomass yield and the content of useful substances in microalgae. In this study, photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic cultivation conditions were applied to three well-known strains of Chlorella (KNUA104, KNUA114, and KNUA122) to assess biomass productivity, and compositional changes (lipid, protein, and pigment) were evaluated in BG11 media under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions utilizing different initial concentrations of glucose (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g L−1). Compared to the photoautotrophic condition (biomass yield: KNUA104, 0.35 ± 0.04 g/L/d; KNUA114, 0.40 ± 0.08 g/L/d; KNUA122, 0.38 ± 0.05 g/L/d) glucose was absent, and the biomass yield improved in the mixotrophic (glucose: 20 g L−1; biomass yield: KNUA104, 2.99 ± 0.10 g/L/d; KNUA114, 5.18 ± 0.81 g/L/d; KNUA122, 5.07 ± 0.22 g/L/d) and heterotrophic conditions (glucose: 20 g L−1; biomass yield: KNUA104, 1.72 ± 0.26 g/L/d; KNUA114, 4.26 ± 0.27 g/L/d; KNUA122, 4.32 ± 0.32 g/L/d). All strains under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were optimally cultured when 15–20 g L−1 initial glucose was provided. Although bioresourse productivity improved under both mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions where mixotrophic conditions were found to be optimal as the yields of lipid and pigment were also enhanced. Protein content was less affected by the presence of light or the concentration of glucose. Under mixotrophic conditions, the highest lipid content (glucose: 15 g L−1; lipid content: 68.80 ± 0.54%) was obtained with Chlorella vulgaris KNUA104, and enhanced pigment productivity of Chlorella sorokiniana KNUA114 and KNUA122 (additional pigment yield obtained with 15 g L−1 glucose: KNUA 114, 0.33 ± 0.01 g L−1; KNUA122, 0.21 ± 0.01 g L−1). Also, saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was enhanced in all strains (SFA: KNUA104, 29.76 ± 1.31%; KNUA114, 37.01 ± 0.98%; KNUA122, 33.37 ± 0.17%) under mixotrophic conditions. These results suggest that mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella sorokiniana could improve biomass yield and the raw material quality of biomass.

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Section: Efficacy Of Organic Carbon Source In the Production Of Microalgae Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Cultivation Modes (Photoautotrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic) on the Growth of Chlorella sp. and Biocompositions

Yun¹,

Kim²,

Yoon³

2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The mixotrophic mode based on the use of residues from agro-industry as a source of organic carbon seems to be the most beneficial solution in terms of economy and environment. Agro-industrial wastes, residues, and by-products are of great interest due to their low cost, renewable nature, and abundance [ 13 ]. In the post-fossil era, mixotrophy based on sugars and capture of CO 2 from air is mandatory in microalgal cultivation [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic and Proteomic Analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris Cells Cultured in Autotrophic, Photoheterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Cultivation Modes

Piasecka

Baier

2022

Molecules

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Chlorella is one of the most well-known microalgal genera, currently comprising approximately a hundred species of single-celled green algae according to the AlgaeBase. Strains of the genus Chlorella have the ability to metabolize both inorganic and organic carbon sources in various trophic modes and synthesize valuable metabolites that are widely used in many industries. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of three trophic modes on the growth parameters, productivities of individual cell components, and biochemical composition of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris cells with special consideration of protein profiles detected by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Mixotrophic conditions with the use of an agro-industrial by-product stimulated the growth of all Chlorella species, which was confirmed by the highest specific growth rates and the shortest biomass doubling times. The mixotrophic cultivation of all Chlorella species yielded a high amount of protein-rich biomass with reduced contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, this work provides the first information about the proteome of Chloroidium saccharofilum, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlorella vulgaris cells cultured in molasses supplementation conditions. The proteomic analysis of the three Chlorella species growing photoheterotrophically and mixotrophically showed increased accumulation of proteins involved in the cell energy metabolism and carbon uptake, photosynthesis process, and protein synthesis, as well as proteins involved in intracellular movements and chaperone proteins.

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“…At present, mixotrophic cultivation has garnered a great deal of attention in various areas of research and applications, such as microalgae-derived biofuel feedstock and other bioproducts [9], dealing with eutrophic water [10], and wastewater treatment [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mixotrophically cultured algal cells are capable of driving photosynthesis and heterotrophic metabolism to utilize both inorganic (CO 2 ) and organic carbon substrates, thus leading to the synergistic effects of the two processes [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. At present, mixotrophic cultivation has garnered a great deal of attention in various areas of research and applications, such as microalgae-derived biofuel feedstock and other bioproducts [ 9 ], dealing with eutrophic water [ 10 ], and wastewater treatment [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-Programing Glucose Catabolism in the Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana under Light Condition

Pang

et al. 2022

Biomolecules

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The microalga Chlorella sorokiniana has attracted much attention for lipid production and wastewater treatment. It can perform photosynthesis and organic carbon utilization concurrently. To understand its phototrophic metabolism, a biomass compositional analysis, a 13C metabolic flux analysis, and metabolite pool size analyses were performed. Under dark condition, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPP) was the major route for glucose catabolism (88% carbon flux) and a cyclic OPP–glycolytic route for glucose catabolism was formed. Under light condition, fluxes in the glucose catabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and anaplerotic reaction (CO2 fixation via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) were all suppressed. Meanwhile, the RuBisCO reaction became active and the ratio of its carbon fixation to glucose carbon utilization was determined as 7:100. Moreover, light condition significantly reduced the pool sizes of sugar phosphate metabolites (such as E4P, F6P, and S7P) and promoted biomass synthesis (which reached 0.155 h−1). In addition, light condition increased glucose consumption rates, leading to higher ATP and NADPH production and a higher protein content (43% vs. 30%) in the biomass during the exponential growth phase.

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Microalgae Growth under Mixotrophic Condition Using Agro-Industrial Waste: A Review

Cited by 8 publications

References 80 publications

Effect of Different Cultivation Modes (Photoautotrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic) on the Growth of Chlorella sp. and Biocompositions

Effect of Different Cultivation Modes (Photoautotrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic) on the Growth of Chlorella sp. and Biocompositions

Metabolic and Proteomic Analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris Cells Cultured in Autotrophic, Photoheterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Cultivation Modes

Re-Programing Glucose Catabolism in the Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana under Light Condition

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