Microalgae for biofuels via thermochemical conversion processes: A review of cultivation, harvesting and drying processes, and the associated opportunities for integrated production

Aliyu, A.; Lee, Jonathan G.M.; Harvey, Adam P.

doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100676

Cited by 40 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…• Cost-effective On the contrary, ASX production via microorganisms is a high-cost process [26]. Chemical and natural ASX differ in their structure; synthetic ASX is an esterified compound and composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of isomers (3S,3ʹS), (3R,3S), and (3R,3ʹR).…”

Section: Synthetic Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential

Kumar

Diksha

et al. 2021

J Basic Microbiol

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Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid, super antioxidant molecule. It has higher antioxidant activity than a range of carotenoids, thus has applications in cosmetics, aquaculture, nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and pharmaceuticals.Naturally, it is derived from Haematococcus pluvialis via a one-stage process or two-stage process. Natural astaxanthin significantly reduces oxidative and free-radical stress as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. The present review summarizes all the aspects of astaxanthin, including its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and current production technology. Also, this paper gives a detailed mechanism for the potential role of astaxanthin as nutraceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention, skin protection, antidiabetic and anticancer, cosmetic ingredient, natural food colorant, and feed supplement in poultry and aquaculture. Astaxanthin is one of the high-valued microalgae products of the future. However, due to some risks involved or not having adequate research in terms of long-term consumption, it is still yet to be explored by food industries. Although the cost of naturally derived astaxanthin is high, it accounts for only a 1% share in total astaxanthin available in the global market. Therefore, scientists are looking for ways to cut down the cost of natural astaxanthin to be made available to consumers.

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Section: Synthetic Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential

Kumar

Diksha

et al. 2021

J Basic Microbiol

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“…Microalgae-derived biodiesel is a more renewable, environmentally sustainable form of diesel [17,18]. However, the high costs involved in the production of microalgae are a drawback of this technology [19]. To address this high cost, cost-effective processing methods must be developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production through Acid Catalyst In Situ Reactive Extraction of Chlorella vulgaris Foamate

et al. 2022

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A method of biodiesel production from the freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris based on the conversion of the dewatered algal biomass from a foam column (“foamate”) was investigated. The foam column collected and concentrated the microalgae. The foam was generated by passing air through a pool of algae, to which a collector/surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) had been added. To produce biodiesel, the resultant “foamate” was esterified in situ using sulfuric acid and methanol. The effect of reaction temperature (30–70 °C), reaction time (30–120 min) and methanol/oil molar ratio (100–1000), were examined in a single-stage extraction–transesterification experiment on biodiesel yield at concentration of the catalyst H2SO4/oil molar ratio of (8.5/1). The thermodynamics and kinetics of transesterification of the microalgae oil were also investigated. The maximum biodiesel yield (96 ± 0.2%) was obtained at a reaction temperature of 70 °C, a reaction time of 90 min and methanol/oil molar ratio of 1000/1. Reaction kinetic parameters were determined that fitted the experimental data at all temperatures. A reversible reaction with first order forward and second order backward kinetics were found to be a good match for the experimental results. The kinetic model fitted experiments well under various temperatures and methanol/oil mole ratios. Under the most suitable conditions of reaction temperature, reaction time and methanol/oil molar ratio, the apparent activation energy was found to be 18.7 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor 51.4 min−1. The activation entropy (ΔS), change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and variation in activation enthalpy (ΔH) revealed that the transesterification reaction is endergonic and unspontaneous, while the endothermic nature of the reaction was confirmed by the positive value (16.6 kJ/mol) of the ΔH. The thermodynamic information and kinetic model reported here will provide valuable insight into the understanding of the in situ transesterification process from algae foamate to biodiesel.

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“…CO2 is another resource required for microalgae cultivation. It can be obtained from power plants, factories and petrochemical refineries (Aliyu, Lee, & Harvey, 2021). However, power plants and other industries should be equipped with a Carbon Capture System (CCS) to absorb the outgoing CO2 (Ahn et al, 2015;Pokoo-Aikins, Nadim, El-Halwagi, & Mahalec, 2010).…”

Section: Co2 and Carbon Capture System (Ccs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-objective MILP Model Proposed to Optimize a Supply Chain Network for Microalgae-based Biofuels and Co-products: A Case Study in Iran

Zerafati

Bozorgi-Amiri

Golmohammadi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Recently, due to the efficiency of cultivating microalgae, researchers and investors have paid considerable attention to the production of different biofuel products that are environmentally friendly. In this study, a two-stage deterministic model is proposed to design a microalgae-based biofuels and co-products supply chain network (MBCSCN). In the first stage, the appropriate locations for the cultivation of microalgae are identified through the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In the second stage, a deterministic mathematical mixed integer linear programing (MILP) model is developed for a period of five years based on the criteria of economic and environmental impacts. The economic objective function maximizes the overall profit, while the environmental impacts objective function seeks to minimize the consumed fossil fuel throughout the supply chain. Then, a multi-objective MILP optimization problem is solved using the ε-constraint method. The proposed model is evaluated through a case study in Iran. It has helped to identify appropriate locations for the cultivation of microalgae and to specify the required quantity of feedstock, the species of microalgae, the required technology, and the transportation modes in each step of the supply chain.

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Microalgae for biofuels via thermochemical conversion processes: A review of cultivation, harvesting and drying processes, and the associated opportunities for integrated production

Cited by 40 publications

References 106 publications

Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential

Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential

Biodiesel Production through Acid Catalyst In Situ Reactive Extraction of Chlorella vulgaris Foamate

A Multi-objective MILP Model Proposed to Optimize a Supply Chain Network for Microalgae-based Biofuels and Co-products: A Case Study in Iran

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