Micro-RNA Profiling as a Predictor of Clinical Outcomes for Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Abstract

Head and neck cancer is one of the leading malignancies worldwide. Due to the lack of symptoms in the early stage of the disease, about two thirds of patients present with locally advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Even with significantly improved survival rates over the past two decades due to advanced imaging and treatment modalities, locoregional recurrence rates in patients with advanced disease ranges from 16% to 35%. Alternative therapeutic targets are being developed to improve survival outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNA or miRs) are a family of small non-coding RNA species that have been demonstrated to regulate all cellular, physiological and developmental processes. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in the number of studies suggesting that miRNA is involved in regulating tumor metastasis, chemoresistance, radioresistance and survival outcomes. MiRNA candidates have been identified as potential prognostic biomarkers to diagnose cancer stages and progression, as well as to monitor follow-up treatment. In this review, we will discuss the miRNA profile in each stage of head and neck patients' therapy, with an emphasis on its application to clinical outcome prognosis.

Transcriptional, Epigenetic and Metabolic Programming of Tumor-Associated Macrophages

“…Small noncoding single-stranded RNAs are evolutionarily conserved and are involved in the multistep processes of transcription, nuclear export and cytoplasmic cleavage [204]. MicroRNAs act primarily as posttranscriptional repressors via the targeting the 3 -untranslated region of mRNA, inducing its degradation or the repression of its translation.…”