“…For example, previous studies on granular materials have shown a strong dependency of their mechanical response as bulk systems, on the interparticle friction [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ] and the properties/characteristics of individual grains such as roughness, shape and strength/mode of failure, which influence the energy dissipation mechanisms and the resistance against shearing-induced strains [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Multi-scale insights of granular systems can provide a framework to understand the load transfer mechanisms and the flow behavior of particulate materials at a fundamental level [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ], which are strongly linked to the properties at the grain-scale. Thus, based on what the state-of-the-art literature suggests, quantification of the grain-scale interface behavior and morphological/mechanical characteristics of individual particles of extra-terrestrial materials, would be invaluable to produce predictive tools which will allow a precise examination of rover wheel-soil interaction, structure-soil interaction as well as a fundamental understanding of transport processes on the surface of the Mars and the Moon.…”