Micro-nano structure hard carbon as a high performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Superior first-cycle Coulomb efficiency (above 80%) is displayed by filter paper-derived micro-nano structure hard carbon, and it delivers a high reversible capacity of 286 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles as the anode for Na-ion battery at 20 mA g−1. These advantageous performance characteristics are attributed to the unique micro-nano structure, which reduced the first irreversible capacity loss by limiting the contact between the electrode and electrolyte, and enhanced the capacity by accelerating electron and Na-ion transfer through inter-connected nano-particles and nano-pores, respectively. The good electrochemical performance indicates that this low-cost hard carbon could be a promising anode for Na-ion batteries.

Unusual Na+ Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation in Metal-Rich Cu1.8S for Na-Ion Batteries

“…It is interesting that this superior cycle performance was achieved in the capacity range of 200–250 mAh g –1 , corresponding to 1.1–1.4 Na atoms in the Cu 1.8 S unit cell that are very close to the ideal value of 1.2 calculated from the interstices (Figure ), which strongly implies its intercalation/deintercalation reaction mechanism. As a result, the Cu 1.8 S hollow octahedra anode exceeds various anode materials previously reported as intercalation materials, such as metal oxides, − metal sulfides, ,, carbonaceous materials, ,− etc. (Table S5).…”

Cross-Linking Hollow Carbon Sheet Encapsulated CuP2 Nanocomposites for High Energy Density Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…Current lithium-ion batteries are facing many challenges such as high cost, toxicity, safety issues, poor low-temperature performance, and low abundance that are particularly critical as far as grid energy storage is concerned. − Here, sodium-ion batteries (SIB) exhibit great potential in view of the aforementioned issues, and the SIB field may also benefit from the relatively mature LIB technology. − Unfortunately, many well-developed LIB materials, such as graphite and Si, do not intercalate sodium ions to an appreciable extent, and novel anode materials should be developed for sodium storage. The recently developed SIB anode materials can be classified as follows: (i) carbon-based materials (hard carbon, amorphous carbon); − (ii) metal and metal alloys (Na, Sn, Ge, Sb, Sn 4 P 3 , and Sn-Ge, etc . ); − and (iii) nonmetallic, noncarbon coating materials (TiO 2 , SnO 2 , MoS 2 , Co 3 O 4 , CoS, SnS 2 , WS 2 , Fe 3 P, Cu 3 P, CuP 2 , Ni 3 P, Pn and S). ,− Typical anode materials are shown in Figure a at the bottom of the voltage vs capacity diagram.…”

Challenges of today for Na-based batteries of the future: From materials to cell metrics

“…Selected carbon-based, Ti-based insertion, alloying, conversion, and alloying/conversion negative electrode materials reported for NIB application. (a) 1 st and 2 nd cycles voltage profiles for filter paper-derived micro-nano structure carbon (DPC-A) electrode (current density: 20 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 -EC:PC (1:1, v/v)) [91]; (b) graphite cycled in glyme based electrolyte (current density: 200 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 TEGDME) [92]; (c) Sn nanodots finely encapsulated in porous N-doped carbon (NDs@PNC fiber) (current density: 200 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 -PC (+5% vol FEC)) [93]; (d) phosphorous-graphene composite (P content of 52.2%, current density: 250 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 -EC:DEC+5%vol FEC) [94]; (e) Sb/C nanocomposite (current density: 100 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaPF 6 -EC:DEC) [95]; (f) TiO 2 nanosheets/reduced graphene oxide composite (TiO 2 NSs@rGO) (current density: 1C; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 − PC: FEC (95:5, v/v)) [96]; (g) Microspheric Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 (current density: 354 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 -PC) [97]; (h) MoS 2 /reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nano-composite (current density: 20 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 -EC:PC (1:1, v/v)) [98]; (i) Sb 2 O 3 /reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite (current density: 100 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 -EC:PC (1:1, w/w) + 5 wt% FEC)) [99]. The table below the figure summarizes the advantageous (green) and disadvantageous (red) properties of each material in terms of energy, rate and cost/sustainability.…”

“…Inset reporting the schematic illustration of the synthesis procedure. Reprinted and adapted from Refs [91]. with permission from Springer Nature Copyright © (2016), distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license; (b) graphite cycled in glyme based electrolyte (current density: 200 mA g − 1 ; electrolyte: 1 M NaClO 4 TEGDME); Inset reporting the corresponding voltage profile at the 1st, 100th and 500th cycles.…”