Micro-nano structural electrode architecture for high power energy storage

Abstract

The necessity and superiorities of micro-nano structural electrodes toward high power: Electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies have achieved great success in portable electronics and electric vehicles owing to their environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness. With the promotional concepts such as the Internet of Things and ultra-high efficiency self-powered systems in recent years, there are substantial demand for superior EES systems, including but not limited to high-performance, miniaturization and multifunction [1−4] . In a particular EES cell, active materials are carried by electrodes as the basic building blocks of energy storage or release. Material innovation (includes composition, structure, size and morphology) has revealed remarkable energy density, power density and lifespan for associated devices in the lab setting of low mass loading slurry-coating electrodes [5] . However, as the loading increases, the trade-off between energy density and power density becomes arduous. High mass loading electrodes with adequate energy storage sites enhance energy supply but necessitate extended thicknesses. Unfortunately, a thicker slurry-coating electrode may suffer from sluggish kinetics, low active material utilization and poor mechanical stability, leading to inferior power output and short lifetime [6−7] . Therefore, subversive electrode architecture ought to be developed to support high power and long life under the guaranteed high energy density.It has been realized that local optimization of the active material alone is far from being able to overcome the inherent disadvantages of its randomly individual stacking configurations. Considering the overall electrodes, integrating the micro-nano structures into an ordered conductive network not only maximizes the retention of their inherent advantages but also enables the coordination of performances, especially in providing high power while ensuring sufficient energy supply [8] . Micro-nano structural electrodes can be seen as the longitudinally regular deformations of the planar electrodes along with a larger specific surface area. This un-

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