Micro-Encapsulation of Phytochemicals in Passion Fruit Peel Waste Generated on an Organic Farm: Effect of Carriers on the Quality of Encapsulated Powders and Potential for Value-Addition

Abstract

The passion (Passiflora edulis Sims) fruit peel is rich in phenolics and other bioactive compounds and has great potential as a natural food preservative. The present study investigated the value-adding potential of passion fruit peel waste generated on an organic farm. The effect of carriers in encapsulating the peel extract to develop a polyphenolic-rich powder was investigated. The passion fruit peel extracts were prepared using 70% ethanol (1:10 w/v), and encapsulated using waxy starch (WS), gum arabic (GA), and maltodextrin (MT) before freeze-drying. The effects of carriers on the passion fruit peel powder (PFPP) production yield, physicochemical, rheological, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties were investigated. GA-and MT-encapsulated powders had better physical, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties, including yield, total soluble solids, solubility, bulk density, total phenolic content, and ferric reducing antioxidant powder. A total of 18 metabolites, including phenolic acids (10), flavonoids (6), and stilbenes (2), were tentatively identified in all the PFPP samples, with WS exhibiting a higher concentration of the compounds compared to GA and MT. Our results indicated that no single carrier was associated with all the quality attributes; therefore, better results could be produced by compositing these carriers. Nonetheless, our results highlight the potential of passion fruit peels as a source of polyphenols and functional ingredient in formulating natural food additives.

Encapsulation of betalain-rich extract from beetroot postharvest waste using a binary blend of gum Arabic and maltodextrin to promote a food circular bioeconomy

“…Powders produced using MT alone showed the highest L* (39.10). Higher L* values were also reported in MT-encapsulated raspberry powder ( 2 ), passion fruit peel ( 46 ), and mango juice powders ( 47 ) when compared to the same powders produced using GA. However, blending GA and MT significantly increased the L* compared to using GA alone.…”

Optimizing the ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from mango peel and investigating the characteristics, antioxidant activity and storage stability of extract nanocapsules in maltodextrin/whey protein isolate

“…To determine TPC and AA of the capsules, initially, 0.5 g of each capsule was mixed with 10 mL of 50 % methanol and homogenized. The mixture was then centrifuged at room temperature for 25 min at 8400× g. The supernatant was separated and used for the determination of TPC and AA of the capsules [16] .…”

Short Review on Bioactive Compounds Recovered From Vegetal Waste as a New Tool in Diabetes, Obesity and Dyslipidaemia Prevention and Treatment

“…An alternative to reduce the amount of unexploited waste with a negative impact on the environment is represented by their valorisation through green extraction, isolation and purification of bioactive compounds in order to obtain added value products, useful in the prevention and treatment of various maladies. Numerous studies have shown that vegetable waste is an important and low-cost source of primary and secondary metabolites with medicinal and nutritional value, such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids [20,38,67,76], flavonoids [14,18,20,22,23,34,42,56,65,71,74], anthocyanins [20,21,35,57,71], vitamins (vitamin A [25], vitamin E [21], vitamin D [25], vitamin C [21,25,65,74], amino acids [25], alkaloids [11,18], glucosinolates [23], fatty acids [21], poly-saccharides [55], terpenes [14,38,57,74].…”