Micro–Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Influence of Root Canal System Landmarks on Access Outline Forms and Canal Curvatures in Mandibular Molars

Methods for measurement of root canal curvature: a systematic and critical review

“…Moreover, 11 of the radiography-based investigations placed K-files (sizes 08, 10, 15) or silver points with the purpose of facilitating root canal curvature visualisation (Southard et al 1987, Backman et al 1992, Luiten et al 1995, Thompson et al 1995, Hankins & ElDeeb 1996, Harlan et al 1996, Lopes et al 1998, Dobo-Nagy et al 2000, Sch€ afer et al 2002, Iqbal et al 2003, G€ unday et al 2005. Five studies used micro-computed tomography (lCT) (Peters et al 2000, Bergmans et al 2001, Lee et al 2006, Eaton et al 2015, Dannemann et al 2017, two used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) (Estrela et al 2008, Choi et al 2015, and another two employed dental panoramic tomography (DPT) (Fuentes et al 2015(Fuentes et al , 2018. Three publications suggested an abstract, mathematically based method and presented diagrammatic representations for curvature and the measurement of other factors in the absence of any experimental component.…”

Preliminary investigation of the variations in root canal morphology of hypomineralised second primary molars

“…More conservative access cavity shapes preserve the original canal curvatures in teeth with reduced pulp chambers; thus leaving these samples in the high difficulty category. In this sample, there were significant variations in the curvature of the root canals based on the access outline form with the PH outline producing the smallest canal curvature.…”

“…Second primary molars are an extremely important tooth type in the primary dentition because of its ability to influence the eruption of the first permanent molar. Premature loss of second primary molars results in arch length reduction due to the mesial migration of the first permanent molars.…”

“…To facilitate this evaluation, the landmarks were defined as follows: corresponding cuspal pulp horns (PH); the centre of each root canal orifice at the level of the floor of the pulp chamber (O); the centre of each root canal at the furcation level (F); and the centre of the root canal primary curve in the maximum curvature view (PV), as described by Eaton and colleagues (Fig. ).…”

Comparison of apical centring ability between incisal‐shifted access and traditional lingual access for maxillary anterior teeth

“…Several authors have suggested that the objectives of access cavity preparation include ensuring straight-line access, removing all debris from the pulp chamber, and securing the seat for the temporary seal (1–3). Smaller access cavity preparation prevents creation of straight-line access in curved root canals, thereby complicating the procedure (4). Access cavity preparation is the first step in root canal treatment and has a significant impact on subsequent procedures.…”