“…The other side is exposed to the low-frequency blood pressure variation. In the work from Mo et al, 221 Reproduced from Deterre et al 223 with permission from IEEE.…”
Energy harvesting holds great potential to achieve long-lifespan self-powered operations of wireless sensor networks, wearable devices, and medical implants, and thus has attracted substantial interest from both academia and industry. This paper presents a comprehensive review of piezoelectric energyharvesting techniques developed in the last decade. The piezoelectric effect has been widely adopted to convert mechanical energy to electricity, due to its high energy conversion efficiency, ease of implementation, and miniaturization. From the viewpoint of applications, we are most concerned about whether an energy harvester can generate sufficient power under a variable excitation. Therefore, here we concentrate on methodologies leading to high power output and broad operational bandwidth. Different designs, nonlinear methods, optimization techniques, and harvesting materials are reviewed and discussed in depth. Furthermore, we identify four promising applications: shoes, pacemakers, tire pressure monitoring systems, and bridge and building monitoring. We review new high-performance energy harvesters proposed for each application.
“…The other side is exposed to the low-frequency blood pressure variation. In the work from Mo et al, 221 Reproduced from Deterre et al 223 with permission from IEEE.…”
Energy harvesting holds great potential to achieve long-lifespan self-powered operations of wireless sensor networks, wearable devices, and medical implants, and thus has attracted substantial interest from both academia and industry. This paper presents a comprehensive review of piezoelectric energyharvesting techniques developed in the last decade. The piezoelectric effect has been widely adopted to convert mechanical energy to electricity, due to its high energy conversion efficiency, ease of implementation, and miniaturization. From the viewpoint of applications, we are most concerned about whether an energy harvester can generate sufficient power under a variable excitation. Therefore, here we concentrate on methodologies leading to high power output and broad operational bandwidth. Different designs, nonlinear methods, optimization techniques, and harvesting materials are reviewed and discussed in depth. Furthermore, we identify four promising applications: shoes, pacemakers, tire pressure monitoring systems, and bridge and building monitoring. We review new high-performance energy harvesters proposed for each application.
“…An external force of 4 mN was applied which is much less than the corresponding force value used by Deterre et al [26] Motivation behind selecting the value of force is to keep the deflection of harvester within limits and feasible. (6) and (7).…”
The potential application of this energy harvesting has been recognized in the form of the replacement of batteries of the pacemakers. Since the Ni-Cd or Li-ion batteries used for pacemakers have finite life span [15] and hence these require replacement after a certain period. To overcome this drawback, researchers have been exploring methods where an energy harvester could scavenge energy from human body and power the pacemaker.Goto et al. [16] carried out the pioneering work in the field of powering leadless pacemakers. A kinetic watch energy generating system was employed on a dog's heart and 13 µJ of energy per heartbeat was successfully achieved. Tashiro et al. conducted an experiment where pacemaker was powered by harvesting enough energy from the motion of canine heart. [17] However, the design proposed by them is practically impossible to be placed inside the thoracic cavity of the laboratory animal. Recently, Karami and Inman [12] have proposed zig-zag structures to achieve lower frequencies with piezoceramics to power pacemaker implanted in chest. Heart beat acceleration was used in this study for actuating the harvester but the size of harvester is too large to be inserted into intravenous cavity. Zurbuchen et al. recently conducted an in vivo study on pig's heart for 30 min. [18] Their study aimed at demonstration of battery and leadless cardiac pacing by using energy harvesting mechanism derived from Swiss wristwatch. It was shown that the mechanism generated sufficient electrical power (<10 µW) to meet out the demand of a typical modern pacemaker. [19] A number of researchers have carried out research in this field where piezoelectric energy harvester has been employed to power pacemaker. An exhaustive literature review regarding piezoelectric energy harvesting for pacemaker application along with limitations has been presented in Table 1.The size of miniaturized leadless pacemaker should be such that it can be directly placed inside the heart. [25] So, the size of the pacemaker should be compatible with intravenous introduction, that is, its diameter should be around 6 mm. However, most of the designs proposed so far [20][21][22]12] have dimensions more than that of intravenous cavity hence very impractical from pacemaker design point of view. To the best of authors' knowledge, there is hardly any literature available dealing with the design and study of the energy harvesting systems
“…In contrast to conventional cantilever structure, Deterre et al designed a microspiral‐shape piezoelectric energy harvester packaged by 10 µm deformable ultraflexible electrodeposited microbellows, creating a miniaturized high‐density (6 µJ cm −3 per cycle) energy harvester with a size of 6 mm in diameter and 21 mm 3 in volume. Such an energy harvester could collect energy from blood pressure variations in the cardiac environment and serve as life‐lasting leadless pacemakers . By using intrinsically soft polymers and thin film metallic interconnects, Zhang et al proposed a flexible piezoelectric energy nanogenerator (PENG) based on a PVDF membrane with a size of 2.5 cm × 5.6 cm × 200 µm.…”
Section: Power Harvesting Devices Utilize Sources From the Human Bodymentioning
Implantable bioelectronics represent an emerging technology that can be integrated into the human body for diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Power supply devices are an essential component of bioelectronics to ensure their robust performance. However, conventional power sources are usually bulky, rigid, and potentially contain hazardous constituent materials. The fact that biological organisms are soft, curvilinear, and have limited accommodation space poses new challenges for power supply systems to minimize the interface mismatch and still offer sufficient power to meet clinical‐grade applications. Here, recent advances in state‐of‐the‐art nonconventional power options for implantable electronics, specifically, miniaturized, flexible, or biodegradable power systems are reviewed. Material strategies and architectural design of a broad array of power devices are discussed, including energy storage systems (batteries and supercapacitors), power devices which harvest sources from the human body (biofuel cells, devices utilizing biopotentials, piezoelectric harvesters, triboelectric devices, and thermoelectric devices), and energy transfer devices which utilize sources in the surrounding environment (ultrasonic energy harvesters, inductive coupling/radiofrequency energy harvesters, and photovoltaic devices). Finally, future challenges and perspectives are given.
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