Micro- and Nanoparticulate Hydroxyapatite Powders as Fillers in Polyacrylate Bone Cement—A Comparative Study

Abstract

Acrylate polymer-based bone cements constitute the most popular bonding agents used in regenerative surgery. Due to their inferior biocompatibility, however, these materials are often enriched with ceramic additives including hydroxyapatite (HAp). The aim of this paper was to perform a comparative study of the acrylate cements filled with different content (3–21%) of nano- and microscale hydroxyapatite. The work concerns a comparison of times and temperatures of the cross-linking reaction, as well as morphology, glass transition temperature, and principal mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Before being used as a filler, both HAp forms were subjected to an in-depth characterization of their morphology, specific surface area, pore size distribution, and wettability as well as chemical composition and structure. For that purpose, such analytical techniques as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, tensiometry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Shore D hardness test, and Charpy impact test were used. The results indicated a drop of cross-linking temperature and an extension of setting time with the addition of µHAp. The µHAp-filled acrylate composites were characterized by a globular surface morphology, higher glass transition temperature, and lower hardness and impact strength compared to nHAp-filled materials. This relationship was evident at higher nHAp concentrations.

Azo polymerization of citrate‐based biomaterial‐ceramic composites at physiological temperatures

“…Szymanowski and coworkers saw similar results when comparing PMMA‐based cements with the addition of HA micro‐ and nanoparticles. [ 58 ] They observed that an increased weight percentage of microparticle HA of up to 21% within the polymer matrix resulted in decreased polymerization temperatures. Notably, nanoparticle HA did not affect the polymerization temperature within their scaffolds.…”

Hydroxyapatite as a Material for Transplantology: Clinical Experience and Prospects of Application

“…In the sections above, strong evidence has already been presented for the feasibility of using hydroxyapatite as a basis for synthetic compositions and materials that can potentially have all the required properties as an alternative to autologous grafts. This is also supported by the use of hydroxyapatite bioceramics in current clinical practice in solid, granular, powdered, porous and composite forms [106][107][108][109]. The latter form attracts special attention because being native bone tissue, bone autografts are composites [110,111].…”

An Overview of Micro- and Nano-Dispersion Additives for Asphalt and Bitumen for Road Construction

“…They influence other special properties of selected materials, such as optical properties or biocompatibility [70,71]. The nanoparticles affect not only the final properties but in many cases also processing properties in traditional technologies as well as in modern ones, such as additive manufacturing [48,[72][73][74][75][76]. They allow us to obtain better quality products most effectively.…”

“…It is very interesting for the development of sustainable power sources/sensing tools [68] or for use for sensors for health monitoring. The nanomaterials are also widely applied in medicine, including polymerbased bone cement and drug delivery systems, where the possibility of encapsulation of substances inside nanoparticles is used [31,72].…”