Micro‐anatomical responses in periodontal complexes of mice to calibrated orthodontic forces on the crown

Pal, Ashutosh; Chen, L.; Yang, Lynn; Yang, Feifei; Meng, Bo; Jheon, Andrew H.; Ho, Sunita P.

doi:10.1111/ocr.12172

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…49 Entheses in the musculoskeletal or the dental, oral, and craniofacial masticatory system adapt to "burdens/load", by virtue of harboring hypertrophic progenitor cells. 12,50,51 Depending on the type of mechanical force (tension or compression), progenitor cells shift toward mineral-forming or resorbing phenotypes to "carve" cementum and alveolar bone in an attempt to accommodate the functional demands, ie, chewing loads of various magnitudes and frequencies. This establishment of a newer form of tooth and alveolar socket through "carving" serves to accommodate functional demands on the periodontally affected dentoalveolar joint, albeit its shift in toward a pathological regime.…”

Section: Biomineralization Of the Periodontal Ligamentcementum Enthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical pathways of dentoalveolar fibrous joints in health and disease

Lin

Ryder

Kang

et al. 2019

Periodontology 2000

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Spatial and temporal adaptations within periodontal tissues and their interfaces result from functional loads. Functional loads can be physiologic and/or pathologic in nature. The prolonged effect of these loads can alter the overall biomechanics of a dentoalveolar fibrous joint (dentoalveolar joint) by changing the form of the tooth root and its socket. This “sculpting” of the tooth root and alveolar bony socket is a consequence of several mechano‐biological changes that occur within the periodontal complex of a load‐bearing dentoalveolar joint. These include changes in biochemical expressions, structure, elemental composition, and mechanical properties of alveolar bone, the underlying tissues of the roots of teeth, and their interfaces. These physicochemical changes in tissues continue to prompt mechano‐responsive biochemical activities at the attachment sites of periodontal ligament (soft) with bone (hard), and ligament with cementum (hard), which are the entheses of a load‐bearing dentoalveolar joint. Forces at soft‐hard tissue attachment sites between disparate materials with different stiffness values theoretically generate strain singularities or discontinuities. These discontinuities under prolonged functional loading increase the probability for failure to occur specifically at the enthesial zones. However, in a normal dentoalveolar joint, gradual stiffness gradients exist from ligament to bone, and from ligament to cementum. The gradual transitions in stiffness from softer ligament (lower stiffness) to harder bone or cementum (higher stiffness) or vice versa optimize tissue and interfacial strains. Optimization of tissue and ligament‐enthesial physical and chemical properties facilitates transmission of cyclic forces of varying magnitudes and frequencies that collectively maintain the overall biomechanics of a dentoalveolar joint. The objectives of this review are 3‐fold: (i) to illustrate physicochemical adaptations at the periodontal ligament entheses of a human periodontal complex affected by subgingival calculus; (ii) to demonstrate how to “program” the hallmarks of periodontitis in small‐scale vertebrates in vivo to generate spatiotemporal maps of physicochemical adaptations in a diseased dentoalveolar joint; and (iii) to correlate dentoalveolar joint biomechanics in healthy and diseased states to spatiotemporal maps of physicochemical adaptations within respective periodontal tissues. This interdisciplinary approach demonstrates that physicochemical adaptations within periodontal tissues using the mechanics of materials (tissue mechanics), materials science (tissue composition), and mechano‐biology (matrix molecules) can help explain the mechano‐adaptation of dentoalveolar joints in normal and diseased functional states. Multiscale biomechanics and mechano‐biology approaches can provide insights into the functional competence of a diseased relative to a normal dentoalveolar joint. Insights gathered from interdisciplinary and multiscale biomechanics approaches include the following: (i) ph...

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Section: Biomineralization Of the Periodontal Ligamentcementum Enthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical pathways of dentoalveolar fibrous joints in health and disease

Lin

Ryder

Kang

et al. 2019

Periodontology 2000

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“…PDL, periodontal ligament. mineralized tissues at unloaded and loaded conditions within the realm of joint form and its function (Lin et al 2013;Jang et al 2015;Pal et al 2017).…”

Section: Functional Loads and Biomechanicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Force on the Crown and Tug of War in the Periodontal Complex

et al. 2018

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The load-bearing dentoalveolar fibrous joint is composed of biomechanically active periodontal ligament (PDL), bone, cementum, and the synergistic entheses of PDL-bone and PDL-cementum. Physiologic and pathologic loads on the dentoalveolar fibrous joint prompt natural shifts in strain gradients within mineralized and fibrous tissues and trigger a cascade of biochemical events within the widened and narrowed sites of the periodontal complex. This review highlights data from in situ biomechanical simulations that provide tooth movements relative to the alveolar socket. The methods and subsequent results provide a reasonable approximation of strain-regulated biochemical events resulting in mesial mineral formation and distal resorption events within microanatomical regions at the ligament-tethered/enthesial ends. These biochemical events, including expressions of biglycan, decorin, chondroitin sulfated neuroglial 2, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein and localization of various hypertrophic progenitors, are observed at the alkaline phosphatase-positive widened site, resulting in mineral formation and osteoid/cementoid layers. On the narrowed side, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase regions can lead to a sequence of clastic activities resulting in resorption pits in bone and cementum. These strain-regulated biochemical and subsequently biomineralization events in the load-bearing periodontal complex are critical for maintenance of the periodontal space and overall macroscale joint biomechanics.

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“…“Natural intelligence” of interfaces can be determined by extracting mechanoresponsive signals from cells within local regions specifically within the context of a clinical setting such as orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) (37, 38).

The semiautonomous events at interfaces guide the joint within physiologic limits, but significant mineral formation and resorption at the PDL-interfaces may result in closing or widening of the PDL-space and can guide the complex to a nonphysiologic regime (9, 38).

…”

Section: Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The semiautonomous events at interfaces guide the joint within physiologic limits, but significant mineral formation and resorption at the PDL-interfaces may result in closing or widening of the PDL-space and can guide the complex to a nonphysiologic regime (9, 38). …”

Section: Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontal ligament entheses and their adaptive role in the context of dentoalveolar joint function

Lin

Jang

Kurylo³

et al. 2017

Dental Materials

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Objectives The dynamic bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joint consists of two adaptive functionally graded interfaces (FGI), the PDL-bone and PDL-cementum that respond to mechanical strain transmitted during mastication. In general, from a materials and mechanics perspective, FGI prevent catastrophic failure during prolonged cyclic loading. This review is a discourse of results gathered from literature to illustrate the dynamic adaptive nature of the fibrous joint in response to physiologic and pathologic simulated functions, and experimental tooth movement. Methods Historically, studies have investigated soft to hard tissue transitions through analytical techniques that provided insights into structural, biochemical, and mechanical characterization methods. Experimental approaches included two dimensional to three dimensional advanced in situ imaging and analytical techniques. These techniques allowed mapping and correlation of deformations to physicochemical and mechanobiological changes within volumes of the complex subjected to concentric and eccentric loading regimes respectively. Results Tooth movement is facilitated by mechanobiological activity at the interfaces of the fibrous joint and generates elastic discontinuities at these interfaces in response to eccentric loading. Both concentric and eccentric loads mediated cellular responses to strains, and prompted self-regulating mineral forming and resorbing zones that in turn altered the functional space of the joint. Significance A multiscale biomechanics and mechanobiology approach is important for correlating joint function to tissue-level strain-adaptive properties with overall effects on joint form as related to physiologic and pathologic functions. Elucidating the shift in localization of biomolecules specifically at interfaces during development, function, and therapeutic loading of the joint is critical for developing “functional regeneration and adaptation” strategies with an emphasis on restoring physiologic joint function.

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Micro‐anatomical responses in periodontal complexes of mice to calibrated orthodontic forces on the crown

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Biomechanical pathways of dentoalveolar fibrous joints in health and disease

Biomechanical pathways of dentoalveolar fibrous joints in health and disease

A Force on the Crown and Tug of War in the Periodontal Complex

Periodontal ligament entheses and their adaptive role in the context of dentoalveolar joint function

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