Micellization of Hydrocarbon Surfactants in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Eastoe, Julian; Paul, Alison; Nave, Sandrina; Steytler, David C.; Robinson, Brian H.; Rumsey, Emily; Thorpe, M.; Heenan, Richard K.

doi:10.1021/ja005795o

Cited by 167 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the first step, we prepared test dispersions (10 mL) by mixing 5 wt% MWCNTs with concentrations ranging between 0 and 32 mM; the aqueous surfactant solutions were placed in a flask. This particular concentration range was chosen as a common concentration of surfactants for latex technology [30]. The resulting mixtures were ultrasonicated (Branson 5510 sonicator, with an output frequency of 42 KHz and power of 135 W) for 3 h at room temperature.…”

Section: Preparation Of Mwcnts/nr-latex/surfactant Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) stabilised by highly branched hydrocarbon surfactants and dispersed in natural rubber latex nanocomposites

et al. 2014

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The performance of single-, double-and triple-chain anionic sulphosuccinate surfactants for dispersing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNCTs) in natural rubber latex (NR-latex) was studied using a range of techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. The conductivities of the nanocomposites were also investigated using four-point probe measurements. Here, MWCNTs were efficiently dispersed in NR-latex with the aid of hyperbranched tri-chain sulphosuccinate anionic surfactants, specifically sodium 1,4-bis(neopentyloxy)-3-(neopentyloxycarbonyl)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulphonate (TC14). This paper highlights that TC14 performs much better than that of the commercially available surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), demonstrating how careful consideration of surfactant architecture leads to improved dispersibility of MWCNTs in NR-latex. The results should be of significant interest for improving nanowiring applications suitable for aerospace-based technology.

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Section: Preparation Of Mwcnts/nr-latex/surfactant Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) stabilised by highly branched hydrocarbon surfactants and dispersed in natural rubber latex nanocomposites

et al. 2014

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“…Recently, Eastoe and Johnston [60][61][62] described two branched hydrocarbon-based ionic surfactants, sodium bis(2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl) sulfosuccinate and sodium bis(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexyl) sulfosuccinate, that exhibit CO 2 solubility. These twin tailed sodium succinates are similar in structure to the CO 2 -insoluble surfactant AOT, sodium bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)…”

Section: Short Alkyl Chain With T-butyl Tipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Evaluation of CO2 Thickeners Designed with Molecular Modeling

Enick¹,

Beckman²,

Johnson³

2009

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The objective of this research was to use molecular modeling techniques, coupled with our prior experimental results, to design, synthesize and evaluate inexpensive, non-fluorous carbon dioxide thickening agents.The first type of thickener that was considered was associating polymers. Typically, these thickeners are copolymers that contain a highly CO 2 -philic monomer, and a small concentration of a CO 2 -phobic associating monomer.Yale University was solely responsible for the synthesis of a second type of thickener; small, hydrogen bonding compounds. These molecules have a core that contains one or more hydrogen-bonding groups, such as urea or amide groups. Non-fluorous, CO 2 -philic functional groups were attached to the hydrogen bonding core of the compound to impart CO 2 stability and macromolecular stability to the linear "stack" of these compounds.The third type of compound initially considered for this investigation was CO 2 -soluble surfactants. These surfactants contain conventional ionic head groups and composed of CO 2 -philic oligomers (short polymers) or small compounds (sugar acetates) previously identified by our research team. Mobility reduction could occur as these surfactant solutions contacted reservoir brine and formed mobility control foams in-situ.The vast majority of the work conducted in this study was devoted to the copolymeric thickeners and the small hydrogen-bonding thickeners; these thickeners were intended to dissolve completely in CO 2 and increase the fluid viscosity. A small but important amount of work was done establishing the groundwork for CO 2 -soluble surfactants that reduced mobility by generating foams in-situ as the CO 2 +surfactant solution mixed with in-situ brine. PolymersIn this final report, we review our entire co-polymeric thickener effort and detail, for the first time, the phase behavior and viscosity results of the first non-fluorous, oxygenated hydrocarbon-based, associating polymer CO 2 thickener, poly(vinyl acetate -co -benzoyl 5% ). The CO 2 -philic monomer was vinyl acetate, and the associative thickener monomer was vinyl benzoate. Poly(vinyl acetate -co -benzoyl 5% ), Mw ~ 12000, is capable of increasing the viscosity of CO 2 by 70% at a concentration of 2wt%, a shear rate of ~5000s -1 , 298K and 9500 psia. Unfortunately, poly(vinyl acetate -co -benzoyl 5% ) is not capable of dissolving in CO 2 at pressures close to the MMP, roughly 1200 psia at 298 K. In fact, we are now convinced that a non-fluorous, hydrocarbon-based copolymeric thickener cannot be designed that will dissolve in CO 2 at typical reservoir conditions. Why? Every polymer that we designed using molecular modeling tools was indeed CO 2 soluble, a somewhat remarkable achievement given the small number of CO 2 soluble surfactants that have ever been identified, but each one was less soluble in CO 2 than poly(vinyl acetate). Therefore co-polymeric thickeners based on any CO 2 soluble polymer will undoubtedly be less soluble in CO 2 (i.e. require even greater pressures than 9500 psia)...

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“…Field trials indicated a 30% sweep efficiency improvement (Sanders et al 2012). Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) with its easily attainable critical temperature and pressure (31.1°C and 7.38 MPa) can be viewed as an ideal chemical processing solvent because it is nontoxic, inexpensive, volatile, nonflammable, readily available in large quantities, and environmentally benign (Eastoe et al 2001). However, because of its very low dielectric constant with weak intermolecular forces and low polarizability per volume and correspondingly weak van der Waals forces (O'Shea et al 1991), CO 2 is a poor solvent for high molecular weight, hydrophilic molecules, and polar compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xing et al (2012) screened solubility of several commercially available nonionic surfactants in CO 2 , and the most stable foams were obtained with branched alkylphenol ethoxylates which exhibited 0.01wt%-0.1wt% solubility in CO 2 . A lot of effort has put into obtaining low toxicity and low price CO 2 -soluble surfactants, of which non-fluorinated AOT (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sulfosuccinate) (Eastoe et al 2001;Liu and Erkey 2001) and nonionic surfactants Xing et al 2012) were of most interest. Dhanuka et al (2006) noted that DOW Tergitol TMN 6 was an effective foaming agent characterized by stable, white, and opaque foams formed at 25°C and 345 bar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding aqueous foam with novel CO2-soluble surfactants for controlling CO2 vertical sweep in sandstone reservoirs

Ren

Nguyen

2017

Pet. Sci.

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The ability of a novel nonionic CO 2 -soluble surfactant to propagate foam in porous media was compared with that of a conventional anionic surfactant (aqueous soluble only) through core floods with Berea sandstone cores. Both simultaneous and alternating injections have been tested. The novel foam outperforms the conventional one with respect to faster foam propagation and higher desaturation rate. Furthermore, the novel injection strategy, CO 2 continuous injection with dissolved CO 2 -soluble surfactant, has been tested in the laboratory. Strong foam presented without delay. It is the first time the measured surfactant properties have been used to model foam transport on a field scale to extend our findings with the presence of gravity segregation. Different injection strategies have been tested under both constant rate and pressure constraints. It was showed that novel foam outperforms the conventional one in every scenario with much higher sweep efficiency and injectivity as well as more even pressure redistribution. Also, for this novel foam, it is not necessary that constant pressure injection is better, which has been concluded in previous literature for conventional foam. Furthermore, the novel injection strategy, CO 2 continuous injection with dissolved CO 2 -soluble surfactant, gave the best performance, which could lower the injection and water treatment cost.

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Micellization of Hydrocarbon Surfactants in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Cited by 167 publications

References 17 publications

Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) stabilised by highly branched hydrocarbon surfactants and dispersed in natural rubber latex nanocomposites

Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) stabilised by highly branched hydrocarbon surfactants and dispersed in natural rubber latex nanocomposites

Synthesis and Evaluation of CO2 Thickeners Designed with Molecular Modeling

Understanding aqueous foam with novel CO2-soluble surfactants for controlling CO2 vertical sweep in sandstone reservoirs

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