Mice Transgenic for a Human Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Receptor Are Susceptible to Productive Viral Infection

Distribution of Endogenous Retroviruses in Crocodilians

“…However, many intact ERVs have been associated with different host diseases (4,21). Those from pigs are considered potentially hazardous during xenotransplantation due to reactivation or recombination with exogenous retroviruses (18). ERVs have been studied extensively in mammals and birds (9,10,16), while knowledge of ERVs in reptiles is limited to a few host species (17,24).…”

Methods and Tools for Detection and Evaluation of the Risks of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus in Porcine to Human Xenotransplantation

“…Then the transgenic mice were exposed to PERV, and subsequently qRT-PCR and immunological tests were used to assess viral replication status. Increasingly higher copy numbers of PERV RNA and DNA were detected over the first 2 month period of analysis, although a subsequent decrease in PERV RNA and DNA was observed after 3 months that correlated with detection of neutralizing anti-PERV antibodies (Martina, Marcucci et al 2006). While not fully explored, the HuPAR-2 transgenic mouse model may provide one model to further study the nature of PERV infection from the perspective of pathogenicity, tissue tropism, and humoral and cellular immunity.…”

“…Exploiting this information, Martina and coworkers, in collaboration with our laboratory, introduced the HuPAR2 cDNA into the germline of mice and generated Hu-PAR2 transgenic mice (Martina, Marcucci et al 2006). Then the transgenic mice were exposed to PERV, and subsequently qRT-PCR and immunological tests were used to assess viral replication status.…”

Developing Xenostandards for Microbiological Safety: New Zealand Experience

“…Subsequent analysis revealed that this was not a true infection but rather evidence of pseudotyping involving the collaboration of mouse (endogenous xenotropi c M LV ) and PE RV r etro v ira l e lem ents (Martina, Kurian, Cherqui, Evanoff, Wilson et al, 2005). In terms of overall success, despite several studies demonstrating the transmission of PERV in vivo (Argaw, ColonMoran & Wilson, 2004;Martina, Marcucci, Cherqui, Szabo, Drysdale et al, 2006;Popp, Mann, Milburn, Gibbs, McCullagh et al, 2007), no report has conclusively demonstrated productive infection (Denner, Specke, Karlas, Chodnevskaja, Meyer et al, 2008;HermidaPrieto, Domenech, Moscoso, Diaz, Ishii et al, 2007;Levy, Argaw, Wilson, Brooks, Sandstrom et al, 2007;Moscoso, Hermida-Prieto, Manez, Lopez-Pelaez, Centeno et al, 2005;Paradis, Langford, Long, Heneine, Sandstrom et al, 1999;Specke, Schuurman, Plesker, Coulibaly, Ozel et al, 2002). In terms of in vivo transmission from the AI pig herd no evidence of PERV infection was found in non-human primates following transplantation of islet cells (Garkavenko, Dieckhoff, Wynyard, Denner, Elliott et al, 2008) or in twelve human patients sampled from the New Zealand clinical trial (Wynyard, 2011).…”