Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History 2017
DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.556
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Mexico’s First Decades of Independence

Abstract: By 1821, a decade of bloody warfare had fragmented the viceroyalty of New Spain, divided the population into hostile factions of patriots and royalists, and intensified old hatreds among peninsular, or European-born, Spaniards (gachupines), American-born criollos, the complex racially mixed groups, and the indigenous population. In many regions, the native villagers were angry, resentful, and politically mobilized. The war had taught different segments of the population that mobilization and the effective use … Show more

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