Metropolitan Characteristics and Entrepreneurship among Immigrants and Ethnic Groups in Canada

Enclaves, neighbourhood effects and employment outcomes: Ethnic minorities in England and Wales

“…Le (2000) ®nds that self-employment among immigrants in Australia is enhanced by the existence of enclaves. Borjas (1986) reports similar evidence for immigrant groups in the US, whereas Razin and Langlois (1996) ®nd no in¯uence of enclaves on immigrant self-employment in Canada.…”

“…Rather, it appears that the low-income nature of enclaves restricts business opportunities. In Canada, Razin and Langlois (1996) have also found that a large community of coethnics need not have a positive in¯uence on immigrant self-employment propensity. Instead, they found that immigrants were most likely to be selfemployed in peripheral metropolitan areas, where competition is less intense, and this may provide part of the explanation for our results.…”

International ethnic entrepreneurship: Antecedents, outcomes and environmental context

“…In the literature, researchers use the concepts of immigrant entrepreneurship (e.g., Evans, 1989;Kim, 2006;Portes, 2003;Rath & Kloosterman, 2000;Razin & Langlois, 1996;Waldinger, 1989) and minority entrepreneurship (e.g., Barrett, Jones, & McEvoy, 1996;Collins, 2003;Logan, Alba & Stults, 2003;Masurel et al, 2002;Teixeira, 1998Teixeira, , 2001) rather than ethnic entrepreneurship. As a result of searching, the author accessed nearly 300 articles, research papers, presentations and research documents prepared by many institutions.…”

Explaining ethnic entrepreneurship: An evolutionary economics approach

“…These policy initiatives target bottlenecks for self-employment through provision of finance and business support in the form of training, information provision regarding management and marketing skills, and relaxation of locational regulations for new entrepreneurs (Razin & Langlois, 1996). The expected outcome of these policies is twofold.…”