Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: overview

Feistel, Rainer; Wielgosz, Robert; Bell, S A; Camões, Maria Filomena; Cooper, Jeff; Dexter, Peter; Dickson, Andrew G.; Fisicaro, Paola; Harvey, Allan H.; Heinonen, Martti; Hellmuth, O.; Kretzschmar, Hans-Joachim; Lovell-Smith, J W; McDougall, Trevor J.; Pawlowicz, Rich; Ridout, P. S.; Seitz, Steffen; Spitzer, Petra; Stoica, Daniela; Wolf, H.

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/r1

Cited by 51 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…On 20 May 2019, World Metrology Day, a so-called "new SI" is expected to become formally introduced at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sèvres near Paris. Along with it, a new thermodynamic temperature scale will be established in 2018 (Fellmuth et al, 2016;PTB, 2017;CCT, 2017;CGPM, 2018). This new temperature T and the ITS-90 temperature T 90 will be considered as two different physical quantities expressed in the same unit, namely the new kelvin (rather than being the same physical quantity expressed in two different units, K and a fictitious "K 90 ").…”

Section: Temperature Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reply to the short comments of Hannes Schmidt of 04 Apr 2018

Feistel¹

2018

Preprint

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In the terrestrial climate system, water is a key player in the form of its different ambient phases of ice, liquid and vapour, admixed with sea salt in the ocean and with dry air in the atmosphere. For proper balances of climatic energy and entropy fluxes in models and observations, a highly accurate, consistent and comprehensive thermodynamic standard framework is requisite in geophysics and climate research. The new Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater-2010 (TEOS-10) constitutes such a standard for properties of water in its various manifestations in the hydrological cycle. TEOS-10 was recommended internationally in 2009 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to replace the previous 1980 seawater standard, EOS-80, and in 2011 by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) "as the official description for the properties of seawater, of ice and of humid air". This paper briefly reviews the development of TEOS-10, its novel axiomatic properties, the new oceanographic tools it offers and the important tasks that still await solutions by ongoing research. Among the latter are new definitions and measurement standards for seawater salinity and pH in order to establish their metrological traceability to the International System of Units (SI) for the first time after a century of widespread use. Of similar climatological relevance is the development and recommendation of a uniform standard definition of atmospheric relative humidity that is unambiguous and rigorously based on physical principles. "The leading thermodynamic properties of a fluid are determined by the relations which exist between volume, pressure, temperature, energy, and entropy. .. But all the relations existing between these five quantities for any substance. .. may be deduced from the single relation existing for that substance between volume, energy, and entropy."

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Section: Temperature Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reply to the short comments of Hannes Schmidt of 04 Apr 2018

Feistel¹

2018

Preprint

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“…(1) Key climatological observables -Основные климатологические наблюдаемые параметры (Feistel et al, 2016); (2) Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) -Основные океанические переменные (ООП); (3) Ocean Color ECVs -ОКП, относящиеся к цвету океана (https:// ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research-topic/ocean-colour-essential-climatevariables); (4) Ecosystem EOVs -экосистемные ООП (Constable A.J. et al, 2016); (5) Biological EOVs -биологические ООП; (6) Biogeochemical EOVs -биогеохимические ООП.…”

Section: основные климатические программы и параметрыunclassified

Satellite Monitoring of the Ocean Climate Parameters. Part 1

Kostianoy¹

2017

FAC

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“…To overcome this situation and to improve long-term stability and consistency of measurement results, initial meetings between representatives of BIPM and IAPWS took place at the BIPM in August 2011 and in February 2012, see Figure 2. As a result, a joint effort of IAPWS, BIPM, SCOR, IAPSO and WMO has been envisaged to address metrological challenges for measurements of certain key climatological observables, including oceanic salinity and atmospheric relative humidity [8]. In this cooperation of international bodies, IAPWS may provide highly accurate correlation equations that relate the problematic quantities to suitable surrogate measurands and to other relevant properties, consistent with the TEOS-10 equations.…”

Section: Joint Committee On Seawatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But this work has also shed new light on further fundamental problems which may be solved in close cooperation of a newly established SCOR 1 /IAPWS 2 /IAPSO 3 Joint Committee on the Properties of Seawater, JCS, with international bodies such as BIPM 4 and WMO 5 , see Section 5. In a recent series of four papers [8], metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables are reviewed and future actions are suggested for practical solutions, Section 6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinity and relative humidity: climatological relevance and metrological needs

Feistel

2015

ACTA IMEKO

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Water plays the leading thermodynamic role in Earth's 'steam engine' climate. Followed by clouds and CO<sub>2</sub>, water vapour in the atmosphere is dominating the greenhouse effect. Evaporation from the ocean surface is the main route of energy export from the ocean, the rate of which is known with poor 20 % uncertainty only. Regional climatic trends in evaporation and precipitation are reflected in small changes of ocean surface salinity.<br /> Observational data of salinity and relative humidity need to be globally comparable within requisite uncertainties over decades and centuries, but both quantities rely on century-old provisional standards of unclear stability, and on ambiguous definitions. This increasingly urgent and long-pending problem can only be solved by proper metrological traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Consistent with such SI-based definitions, state-of-the-art correlation equations for thermophysical properties of water, seawater, ice and humid air such as those available from the recent oceanographic standard TEOS-10 need to be developed and adopted as joint international standards for all branches of climate research, in oceanography, meteorology and glaciology for data analysis and numerical models.<br /> The IAPSO/SCOR/IAPWS Joint Committee on Seawater JCS is targeting at these aims in cooperation with BIPM, WMO and other international bodies.

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Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: overview

Cited by 51 publications

References 94 publications

Reply to the short comments of Hannes Schmidt of 04 Apr 2018

Reply to the short comments of Hannes Schmidt of 04 Apr 2018

Satellite Monitoring of the Ocean Climate Parameters. Part 1

Salinity and relative humidity: climatological relevance and metrological needs

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