Metric type-II radio bursts and space weather phenomena: A statistical study

Abstract

In this paper, we present for the first time a comprehensive statistical study on metric type II radio bursts (m-IIs) and their associated solar and space weather (SW) phenomena, namely, solar flares (SFs), sunspot (SN) configu- rations, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), their interplanetary (IP) counterparts (ICMEs) and shocks, filaments, in situ detected particles and geomagnetic storms (GSs). The radio signatures were identified from dynamic spectra provided by the ground-based RSTN network distributed over the globe with nearly complete diurnal coverage. Based on the recently completed catalog of m-IIs in solar cycle 24, we perform the temporal and spatial association between the radio emission and listed above activity events. The remaining data is collected from various space-based satellites, ground-based observatories or public catalogs. We complement the m-II results with m+IP IIs where the IP IIs are identified from the Wind/WAVES spacecraft. Occurrence rates are calculated and presented as a function of the strength of the specific SW event type: higher rates are obtained with CMEs, SFs, and SN configurations, whereas a much weaker relationship is found with ICMEs, IP shocks, energetic particles, and GSs. The obtained relationships can be utilized in empirical or physics-based models for SW forecasting.