Methylmercury and the Brain: Griffiths et al. Respond

Griffiths, Charles; McGartland, Al; Miller, Maggie

doi:10.1289/ehp.10302r

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Our research group and other studies have previously reported that agglomeration is a process occurring in nano-TiO 2 aerosol production [9,19,30-34]. Using different methods to generate NP aerosols in laboratory studies, we have shown that a given TiO 2 NP can agglomerate in different sizes and structures [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Rat pulmonary responses to inhaled nano-TiO2: effect of primary particle size and agglomeration state

et al. 2013

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BackgroundThe exact role of primary nanoparticle (NP) size and their degree of agglomeration in aerosols on the determination of pulmonary effects is still poorly understood. Smaller NP are thought to have greater biological reactivity, but their level of agglomeration in an aerosol may also have an impact on pulmonary response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of primary NP size and the agglomeration state in aerosols, using well-characterized TiO2 NP, on their relative pulmonary toxicity, through inflammatory, cytotoxic and oxidative stress effects in Fisher 344 male rats.MethodsThree different sizes of TiO2 NP, i.e., 5, 10–30 or 50 nm, were inhaled as small (SA) (< 100 nm) or large agglomerates (LA) (> 100 nm) at 20 mg/m3 for 6 hours.ResultsCompared to the controls, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) showed that LA aerosols induced an acute inflammatory response, characterized by a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, while SA aerosols produced significant oxidative stress damages and cytotoxicity. Data also demonstrate that for an agglomeration state smaller than 100 nm, the 5 nm particles caused a significant increase in cytotoxic effects compared to controls (assessed by an increase in LDH activity), while oxidative damage measured by 8-isoprostane concentration was less when compared to 10–30 and 50 nm particles. In both SA and LA aerosols, the 10–30 nm TiO2 NP size induced the most pronounced pro-inflammatory effects compared to controls.ConclusionsOverall, this study showed that initial NP size and agglomeration state are key determinants of nano-TiO2 lung inflammatory reaction, cytotoxic and oxidative stress induced effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Moreover, it is at approximately 20 nm that the highest relative deposition efficiency of NP in the alveolar region occurs [17,18]. This suggests that NP of different initial sizes could produce different biological responses [16,19]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rat pulmonary responses to inhaled nano-TiO2: effect of primary particle size and agglomeration state

et al. 2013

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“…Our group has studied the toxicity of a variety of nanomaterials in mice [8,9,13]. We found Cu NPs induced stronger inflammatory responses than oxides of iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), or silver (Ag) with increased recruitment of total cells and neutrophils to the lungs as well as increased total protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have reported that the inhalation route was more effective in assessing an inflammatory response, oxidative stress, collagen deposition and fibrosis [8-10,13,15]. However, the actual dose delivered to the lungs can be more clearly defined with instillation exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of copper nanoparticle exposure on host defense in a murine pulmonary infection model

et al. 2011

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BackgroundHuman exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) and environmental bacteria can occur simultaneously. NPs induce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress but may also have immune-suppressive effects, impairing macrophage function and altering epithelial barrier functions. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential pulmonary effects of inhalation and instillation exposure to copper (Cu) NPs using a model of lung inflammation and host defense.MethodsWe used Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.p.) in a murine lung infection model to determine if pulmonary bacterial clearance is enhanced or impaired by Cu NP exposure. Two different exposure modes were tested: sub-acute inhalation (4 hr/day, 5 d/week for 2 weeks, 3.5 mg/m3) and intratracheal instillation (24 hr post-exposure, 3, 35, and 100 μg/mouse). Pulmonary responses were evaluated by lung histopathology plus measurement of differential cell counts, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid.ResultsCu NP exposure induced inflammatory responses with increased recruitment of total cells and neutrophils to the lungs as well as increased total protein and LDH activity in BAL fluid. Both inhalation and instillation exposure to Cu NPs significantly decreased the pulmonary clearance of K.p.-exposed mice measured 24 hr after bacterial infection following Cu NP exposure versus sham-exposed mice also challenged with K.p (1.4 × 105 bacteria/mouse).ConclusionsCu NP exposure impaired host defense against bacterial lung infections and induced a dose-dependent decrease in bacterial clearance in which even our lowest dose demonstrated significantly lower clearance than observed in sham-exposed mice. Thus, exposure to Cu NPs may increase the risk of pulmonary infection.

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“…Thus we would require not only evidence of some empirical link but also a close examination of any available evidence on causation and comparative slipperiness. 68 In response to the logical version of the slippery slope argument, proponents of wrongful life claims assert that a logical line can be drawn between wrongful life claims and legalising euthanasia. Shapira advances one such argument, stating that "administering deliberate and direct action to terminate life is hardly analogous to awarding pecuniary redress for hampered life."…”

Section: If There Is a Right Not To Be Born Does This Necessarily Immentioning

confidence: 99%

The Necessary Implications of Wrongful Life Claims: Lessons from France

Lewis¹

2005

Eur J Health Law

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Methylmercury and the Brain: Griffiths et al. Respond

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Rat pulmonary responses to inhaled nano-TiO2: effect of primary particle size and agglomeration state

Rat pulmonary responses to inhaled nano-TiO2: effect of primary particle size and agglomeration state

Effects of copper nanoparticle exposure on host defense in a murine pulmonary infection model

The Necessary Implications of Wrongful Life Claims: Lessons from France

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