Methyl siloxanes in environmental matrices and human plasma/fat from both general industries and residential areas in China

Abstract

• Siloxanes are detected in additives/products from general industries in China.• Their plasma concentrations in industrial workers were higher than reference group.• Siloxanes are more likely to distribute in human fat than plasma.• Linear but not cyclic compounds had an apparent accumulation in human fat.• Population's half-lives of L8-L10 in human fat were about 1.49-1.80 years. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o We investigated human exposure to methyl siloxanes in three general industries (building, automobile, and textile industries) and residential areas in China. Usage volumes of methyl siloxanes per capita in these industries were 2-5 orders of magnitudes higher than those in residential areas. Methyl siloxane concentrations in indoor air and dust samples from industrial facilities were 1-3 orders of magnitudes higher than those in residential houses. Both cyclic (D4-D6) and linear (L5-L16) siloxanes were detected in plasma of industrial workers (1.00-252 ng/mL, detection frequencies = 3.7-71%, n = 528), while only cyclic compounds (D4-D6) were detected in plasma of general population (n = 519) with much lower concentrations (1.10-7.50 ng/mL) and detection frequencies (1.7-3.7%). During the occupational exposure, anti-dust mask can reduce 30% of intake of cyclic siloxanes and 74% of intake of linear siloxanes, respectively. In addition, PM-10 could elevate intake of linear siloxanes. Calculated fat-plasma partition ratios of methyl siloxanes (D4-D6, L6-L11) in the present study were 5.3-241 mL/g. Linear rather than cyclic siloxanes had an apparent accumulation in abdominal fat. Population's half-lives of L8-L10 in abdominal fat of general population were approximately 1.49-1.80 years.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Citrate stabilized Fe3O4/DMG modified carbon paste electrode for determination of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in blood plasma and urine samples of cement factory workers

“…Siloxane derivatives may be detected using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), gas chromatography (GC), and high performance liquid chromatography Open Access BMC Chemistry *Correspondence: a.farmany@ut.ac.ir Heidarimoghadam and Farmany BMC Chemistry (2020) 14:29 (HPLC) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, some methods can detect the silicon element alone, and detection of organosilicon compounds remain an issue.…”

Assessment of Gas–Particle Phase Distribution and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Phthalate Esters and Volatile Methyl Siloxanes in Vietnamese Micro-Environments

“…Các dữ liệu này góp phần đưa ra một giả thuyết rằng CVMSs và LVMSs cùng có nhiều ứng dụng trong không gian trong nhà nhưng trên các đối tượng khác nhau. CVMSs được tìm thấy chủ yếu trong các sản phẩm chăm sóc tóc, mỹ phẩm và dụng cụ nhà bếp tại Mỹ và Nhật Bản [20]; trong khi LVMSs lại có nồng độ cao hơn trong nhiều sản phẩm tiêu dùng khác nhau như sản phẩm chăm sóc cá nhân, đồ dùng cho trẻ em và các ứng dụng khác trên thị trường Trung Quốc [21,22]. Tại Việt Nam, hàm lượng của CVMSs (D4, D5 và D6) cũng đã được xác định trong các sản phẩm chăm sóc tóc (8,77 đến 515 μg/g) và các sản phẩm này được đánh giá là nguồn phát thải chính của VMSs ra môi trường không khí và bụi tại các salon tóc ở Hà Nội [10].…”

Direct Human Contact with Siloxanes (Silicones) – Safety or Risk Part 1. Characteristics of Siloxanes (Silicones)

“…Low molecular weight silicones can accumulate in the organism, and affect the organs in the long-term perspective ( Wang et al, 2013 ). The least safe are cyclic siloxanes and low molecular weight linear siloxanes ( Flassbeck et al, 2001 ; Gaubitz et al, 2002 ; Papp et al, 2004 ; Tran et al, 2015 ; Xu et al, 2015 ). Additionally, their volatility poses a threat of entering to the organism through the respiratory system ( Genualdi et al, 2011 ; Kierkegaard and McLachlan, 2013 ; Tran et al, 2015 ; Xu et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Siloxanes (silicones) constitute a group of low molecular weight compounds, organosilicon oligomers and polymers, which play a very important role in human life. The dynamic development of silicones technology can be observed last years, which caused that more than 150,000 of practical applications have been registered, including pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and food production ( CES – Silicones Europe, 2008 ; Chemical Economics Handbook, 2013 ; Tran et al, 2015 ; Xu et al, 2015 ). It should be emphasized that the global capacity of siloxanes production in 2002 amounted to 2,000,000 tons, and currently it is more than 8,000,000 tons ( Tran et al, 2015 ).…”

“…It should be emphasized that the global capacity of siloxanes production in 2002 amounted to 2,000,000 tons, and currently it is more than 8,000,000 tons ( Tran et al, 2015 ). Since 2002 a nnual average production amount of only cyclic methylsiloxanes was 470,000 tons in the US, and 800,000 tons in China ( Tran et al, 2015 ; Xu et al, 2015 ). The largest consumption of silicones was noted in China, Western Europe and North America.…”