Methyl halides from Antarctic macroalgae

Laturnus, Frank; Adams, F.; Wiencke, Christian

doi:10.1029/98gl00490

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Halogenated compounds of natural origin can also contribute signi®cantly to the levels of VHOC in the atmosphere 6 . The oceans have been implicated as one of the main natural sources 7±10 , where organisms such as macroalgae and microalgae can release large quantities of VHOC to the atmosphere 11,12 . Some terrestrial sources have also been identi®ed, such as wood-rotting fungi 13 , biomass burning 14 and volcanic emissions 15 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter

Keppler

Eiden

Niedan

et al. 2000

Nature

330

286

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter

Keppler

Eiden

Niedan

et al. 2000

Nature

330

286

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…89 Positive correlations between CH 3 Br and CH 3 I levels were reported, 90 as well as between CH 3 I and (CH 3 ) 2 S levels. 91 CH 3 Cl was apparently formed by more species than CH 3 Br.…”

Section: Chlorine Bromine and Iodinementioning

confidence: 89%

Review: Biological methylation of less‐studied elements

Thayer

2002

Applied Organom Chemis

102

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Biological methylation is an enzymatic process in which a methyl group is transferred from one atom to another. For elements having atomic number greater than 11, biological methylation has been most extensively studied for three elements: arsenic, mercury and sulfur. However, many other elements also undergo biological methylation but have received less attention. Recent work on these lessstudied elements and new applications of biological methylation to environmental remediation, along with a description of these reactions in terms of bonding models, is the focus of this review.

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“…A variety of volatile organochlorines (VOCls), such as chloroform, is produced in soil (Hoekstra et al, 1998;Keppler et al, 2002;Svensson et al, 2007b;Rhew et al, 2008;Albers et al, 2010). VOCls are also emitted by wildfires, geothermal sources (Lobert et al, 1999), marine sources (Laturnus et al, 1998), and plants in temperate forest ecosystems (Forczek et al, 2015). VOCl emissions are assumed to be small compared with the wet and dry deposition of Cl; for example, chloroform and chloromethane emissions correspond to 0.13 and 0.04 g Cl m -2 y -1 , respectively, from a coniferous forest soil (Dimmer et al, 2001).…”

Section: Input and Export From Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine Cycling in Terrestrial Environments

Montelius¹

2016

Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences

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Chlorinated organic compounds (Clorg) are produced naturally in soil. Formation and degradation of Clorg affect the chlorine (Cl) cycling in terrestrial environments and chlorine can be retained or released from soil. Cl is known to have the same behaviour as radioactive chlorine-36 ( 36 Cl), a long-lived radioisotope with a half-life of 300,000 years. 36Cl attracts interest because of its presence in radioactive waste, making 36 Cl a potential risk for humans and animals due to possible biological uptake. This thesis studies the distribution and cycling of chloride (Cl -) and Clorg in terrestrial environments by using laboratory controlled soil incubation studies and a forest field study. The results show higher amounts of Cl -and Clorg and higher chlorination rates in coniferous forest soils than in pasture and agricultural soils. Tree species is the most important factor regulating Cl -and Clorg levels, whereas geographical location, atmospheric deposition, and soil type are less important. The root zone was the most active site of the chlorination process. Moreover, this thesis confirms that bulk Clorg dechlorination rates are similar to, or higher than, chlorination rates and that there are at least two major Clorg pools, one being dechlorinated quickly and one remarkably slower. While chlorination rates were negatively influenced by nitrogen additions, dechlorination rates, seem unaffected by nitrogen. The results implicate that Cl cycling is highly active in soils and Cl -and Clorg levels result from a dynamic equilibrium between chlorination and dechlorination. Influence of tree species and the rapid and slow cycling of some Cl pools, are critical to consider in studies of Cl in terrestrial environments. This information can be used to better understand Cl in risk-assessment modelling including inorganic and organic 36 Cl.Keywords: chloride, organic chlorine, chlorination, dechlorination, 36Cl, risk assessment modelling SammanfattningKlorerade organiska föreningar (Clorg) bildas naturligt i mark och påverkar klorets kretslopp genom att de stannar kvar längre i marken. Detta stabila klor anses ha samma egenskaper som klor-36, som är en långlivad radioisotop med en halveringstid på 300 000 år. Klor-36 förekommer i olika typer av radioaktivt avfall och om klor-36 sprids i naturen finns det en potentiell risk för människor och djur genom biologiskt upptag. Syftet i denna avhandling är att öka kunskapen om fördelningen och cirkulationen av klorid (Cl -) och Clorg i terrestra miljöer med hjälp av studier i laboratoriemiljö samt en fältstudie i skogsmiljö. Resultaten visar att bildningshastigheten av Clorg är högst i barrskogsjord och rotzonen tycks vara en aktiv plats. Det finns också en större mängd Cl -och Clorg i barrskogsjordar än i betesmark och jordbruksmark. Den mest betydande faktorn som styr halterna av Cl -och Clorg är trädsort, medan geografiskt läge, atmosfäriskt nedfall, och jordmån är av mindre betydelse. Bildning och nedbrytning av Clorg sker med liknande hastigheter, men det tycks fin...

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Methyl halides from Antarctic macroalgae

Cited by 41 publications

References 32 publications

Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter

Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter

Review: Biological methylation of less‐studied elements

Chlorine Cycling in Terrestrial Environments

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