Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires

Abstract

Background Self‐administered questionnaires are widely used to collect data in epidemiological research, but non‐response reduces the effective sample size and can introduce bias. Finding ways to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires would improve the quality of epidemiological research. Objectives To identify effective strategies to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires. Search methods We searched 14 electronic databases up to December 2021 and manually searched the reference lists of relevant trials and reviews. We contacted the authors of all trials or reviews to ask about unpublished trials; where necessary, we also contacted authors to confirm the methods of allocation used and to clarify results presented. Selection criteria Randomised trials of methods to increase response to postal or electronic questionnaires. We assessed the eligibility of each trial using pre‐defined criteria. Data collection and analysis We extracted data on the trial participants, the intervention, the number randomised to intervention and comparison groups and allocation concealment. For each strategy, we estimated pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in a random‐effects model. We assessed evidence for selection bias using Egger's weighted regression method and Begg's rank correlation test and funnel plot. We assessed heterogeneity amongst trial odds ratios using a Chi 2 test and quantified the degree of inconsistency between trial results using the I 2 statistic. Main results Postal We found 670 eligible trials that evaluated over 100 different strategies of increasing response to postal questionnaires. We found substantial heterogeneity amongst trial results in half of the strategies. The odds of response almost doubled when: using monetary incentives (odds ratio (OR) 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73 to 1.99; heterogeneity I 2 = 85%); using a telephone reminder (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.74); and when clinical outcome questions were placed last (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.00 to 4.24). The odds of response increased by about half when: using a shorter questionnaire (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.40 to 1.78); contacting participants before sending questionnaires (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.51; I 2 = 87%); incentives were given with questionnaires (i.e. unconditional) rather than when given only after participants had returned their questionnaire (i.e. conditional on response) (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.35 to 1.74); using personalised SMS reminders (OR 1.53; 95% CI 0.97 to 2.42); using a special (recorded) delivery service (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.08; I 2 = 87%); using electronic reminders (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.33); using intensive follo...

Community-Based View on Diagnostic Imaging at the End of COVID-19 Pandemic: Online Survey-Assisted Study

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Community-Based View on Diagnostic Imaging at the End of COVID-19 Pandemic: Online Survey-Assisted Study

“…According to the literature, there are many approaches to recruit participants to online surveys, and the methods for improving participation rates in national and regional self-administered web/mail surveys remain under development and investigation [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The effective use of newsletters or emails was found to be the most successful recruitment technique, and the reasons for participating in remote surveys comprise intent to advance research, community protection, and, to a lesser degree, incentives.…”

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“…(Böckenholt & Lehmann, 2015). Selain itu, skala yang lebih pendek dapat meningkatkan respon dengan cukup signifikan (Edwards et al, 2023)…”