Methods to Grow and Measure In Vitro Static Biofilms

Combined electrical-electrochemical phenotypic profiling of antibiotic susceptibility of in vitro biofilm models

“…11 However, in vivo modeling is not practical because it requires labor-, skill-, and cost-intensive procedures and a relatively long time for biofilm formation. [17][18][19] Furthermore, the procedures provide little control of bacterial environments, biofilm thickness, and the formation of multispecies communities. 16 Meanwhile, in vitro models have been widely used because they are practical, cost-effective, and easily controlled.…”

“…16 Closed static methods such as the calgary biofilm device (CBD) and the microtiter plate assay, and continuous dynamic approaches such as the flow cell system and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactor are the most popular in vitro biofilm models. [16][17][18][19] The static models provide more cost-effective, less equipmentdependent, and more voluminous throughput while the dynamic models can mimic more in vivo-like bacterial communities with continuous introduction of nutrient and waste removal. However, existing static and dynamic in vitro models do not fully reflect the advantages of both technologies to meet the demands of a rapid and simple biofilm simulation concomitantly replicating the 3-D in vivo environments.…”

Cyclic di-GMP as an Antitoxin Regulates Bacterial Genome Stability and Antibiotic Persistence in Biofilms

“…1A). This system is widely employed in research to scrutinize the pivotal processes of initial adherence during biofilm formation (Biswas & Mettlach, 2019; Merritt et al, 2005; Seviour et al, 2021; Sung et al, 2022). In our initial study, we noted an increased persister frequency coinciding with the step of cell adhesion.…”