Methods to Evaluate Near‐Infrared Photoinitiating Systems for Photopolymerisation Reactions Assisted By Upconversion Materials

Abstract

The photoinitiating systems of upconversion materials‐assisted photopolymerization (UCAP) lacks a systematic evaluation method, which significantly limits its applications of high‐performance and high‐precision materials. Herein, we demonstrate an operable evaluation system for photoinitiating systems selection from the aspects of spectral matching, initiation activity and polymerization ability, or as an instructed strategy for the novel initiation systems development in UCAP process. Ir‐784, Om‐819, Om‐TPO and ITX stand out from the analysis of quantitative initiation systems and have excellent initiation and polymerization performances. Notably, the exogenous heat from the UCAP induced by the NIR laser excellently improves the polymerization ability of the photoinitiating system and the mechanical properties of the final materials. The evaluation method integrated with digital and theoretical research will further extend the versatility of UCAP technology in chemistry “4.0” of developing digital‐based production technologies.

Exploiting the upconversion luminescence, Lewis acid catalytic and photothermal properties of lanthanide-based nanomaterials for chemical and polymerization reactions

“…and the initiation activity of the free radicals as discussed by Zou and co-workers. 94 ) and 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (OmimCl) (Fig. 5).…”

“…It is important to note that the success of photopolymerization is dependent on a few parameters including a high degree of spectral overlap between the emission of the UCNC ( E UCNC ( λ )) and absorption of the photoinitiator/photosensitizer ( ε abs ( λ ) is the molar extinction coefficient at wavelength λ ): 93 and the initiation activity of the free radicals as discussed by Zou and co-workers. 94…”

Near-infrared light induced curing of electrically conductive adhesive assisted by upconversion particles

“…13,14 Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can absorb NIR light and convert it into blue-violet light. [15][16][17][18] Stepuk et al 19 applied this feature to photochemical reactions to achieve efficient curing of polymers. A coating sample with a thickness of 5 mm could be completely cured in only 30 s under NIR light irradiation with a high monomer conversion rate.…”

New BODIPY Dyes Based on Benzoxazole as Photosensitizers in Radical Polymerization of Acrylate Monomers

“…It is the chromophore and is often called the photoinitiator (PI) or the photosensitizer (PS). The second one could be an electron donor, an electron acceptor or a hydrogen donor [29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”