Methods of milk expression for lactating women

Becker, Genevieve; Cooney, Fionnuala

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006170.pub4

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Manual milk expression may provide more sodium, compared to the use of a breast pump, which could be especially vital for preterm infants who have additional needs for sodium (Becker et al, 2016). However, in our study, we did not observe any correlation between milk expression manner and sodium content in human milk (p = 0.990).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Relation Between Human Milk Sodium and Maternal Sodium Intake

Aumeistere

Ciproviča

Zavadska

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.

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Sodium is an essential mineral, necessary for optimal development of an infant. However, its content in human milk is highly variable. The main factors influencing sodium content in human milk are the concentration of other osmoles (dominantly lactose) and time postpartum. It is still debatable if maternal sodium intake affects sodium content in human milk. Overall, Latvian inhabitants consume more sodium than recommended. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the relation between maternal sodium intake and human milk sodium content. In total, 64 human milk samples and food data from 64 participants were obtained. Sodium content was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food diary data was analysed using Finnish database Fineli. The results showed that median sodium content in human milk was 12.67 mg per 100 ml−1. Nevertheless, large inter-individual differences were observed (5.00–42.54 mg·100 ml−1). Sodium in-take among the participants was higher than the recommended 2000 mg per day (median intake — 2335.83 mg per day). Although a positive association was found between median maternal sodium intake and sodium content in human milk (ρ= 0.350, p = 0.010), a hierarchical multiple regression revealed that only infant’s age was a significant factor (p = 0.038), explaining 13% of the variability of sodium content in human milk. Sodium content in human milk is not influenced directly by maternal sodium intake, and other factors (such as lactose and potassium concentration in human milk not considered in the study) could potentially influence sodium content in human milk.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Relation Between Human Milk Sodium and Maternal Sodium Intake

Aumeistere

Ciproviča

Zavadska

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.

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“…hand expression, manual pump or electric pump). However, a Cochrane review found no significant difference in breast-milk volume between manual and electric pumps, whereas hand expression did produce less milk than an electric pump (74) . Furthermore, mothers who exclusively express their breast milk are more likely to use electric breast pumps (10) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Practices, predictors and consequences of expressed breast-milk feeding in healthy full-term infants

Bai

Fong

Lok

et al. 2016

Public Health Nutr.

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Mothers of healthy term infants should be encouraged and supported to feed directly at the breast. Exclusive expressed breast-milk feeding should be recommended only when medically necessary and not as a substitute for feeding directly at the breast. Further research is required to explore mothers' reasons for exclusive expressed breast-milk feeding and to identify the health outcomes associated with this practice.

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“…Later it was shown that diurnal variations were unrelated to the degree of emptying of the breast in the previous feeding and to maternal meal times (226). Since then it has been a topic of interest for many teams of scientists in normal term (150,(227)(228)(229)241) as well as preterm infants (230). It is noteworthy that not only lipids in HM but lipolytic enzymes of HM show a circadian rhythm and peak at midday, which has been shown for serum-stimulated lipase and lipoprotein lipase but not bile salt-stimulated lipase (214,215).…”

Section: Changes Due To Circadian Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional and Non-nutritional Composition of Human Milk Is Modulated by Maternal, Infant, and Methodological Factors

et al. 2020

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Human milk (HM) is dynamic and shows a high inter- and intra-individual variability. To characterize HM with precision, it is necessary to understand the factors that modulate its composition. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the maternal, infant and methodological factors that affect HM composition. We searched SCOPUS and PubMed databases for articles related to factors that are known to or could potentially influence HM composition and volume across lactation periods. Our comprehensive review encompasses various maternal-, infant-related, and methodological factors that modulate aspects of HM composition including macro- and micronutrients, vitamins and minerals, as well as volume. The most profound changes were observed in HM lipids and lipophiles. Evidence exists for many of the infant-related factors known to affect the nutritive and non-nutritive components of HM (e.g., birth weight, gestational age, infant age/stage of lactation). In contrast, less is known with respect to maternal factors; where there is either limited research or conflicting evidence (e.g., maternal lifestyle, obstetric history, medical conditions), except for the mother's diet, for which there is a relatively well-established understanding. Equally, although many of the methodological factors (e.g., HM sampling, handling and analytics) are known to impact HM composition, few studies have investigated this as a primary outcome, making it an important area of future research in HM. Here we propose a systematic capture of numerous maternal- and infant-related characteristics to facilitate associative comparisons of HM data within and across studies. Additionally, it would be prudent to standardize the methodological aspects known to affect HM composition in analytics, not only for HM lipids and lipophiles, but also for those nutrients whose variability is yet less well-understood. Defining the factors determining HM composition with accuracy will open perspectives for maternal intervention to optimize milk composition for specific needs of infants.

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Methods of milk expression for lactating women

Cited by 24 publications

References 115 publications

Relation Between Human Milk Sodium and Maternal Sodium Intake

Relation Between Human Milk Sodium and Maternal Sodium Intake

Practices, predictors and consequences of expressed breast-milk feeding in healthy full-term infants

Nutritional and Non-nutritional Composition of Human Milk Is Modulated by Maternal, Infant, and Methodological Factors

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