Methods of liquid phase microextraction for the determination of cadmium in environmental samples

Abstract

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) has been widely used in extraction and preconcentration systems as an excellent alternative to conventional liquid phase extraction. In this work, a critical review is presented on liquid phase microextraction techniques used in the determination of cadmium in environmental samples. LPME techniques are classified into three main groups: single-drop liquid phase microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). Methods involving these liquid phase microextraction techniques are described, addressing advantages and disadvantages, samples, figures of merit, and trends.

Current Sample Preparation Methods and Determination Techniques for the Determination of Phthalic Acid Ester Plasticizers in Edible Oils

“…Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is a miniaturized extraction technology developed on the basis of LLE. Since the introduction of LPME in 1996 [38], this technology has been widely used in the analysis of various samples as a new approach for sample preparation [32,39,40]. In recent years, various modes have been derived from LPME, among which dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been widely used for the extraction of PAEs in edible oils.…”

Atomic Spectrometry Update – a review of advances in environmental analysis

“…Fewer review papers were published this year in comparison to previous years, perhaps reflecting the maturity of the methods currently used, and tended to be more specific-for example on the use 64 of functionalised nanomaterials for SPE prior to analysis by ICP-MS (190 references) or the continued use 65 of micro-extraction for speciation analysis of Se in various matrices including water (52 references). The endless quest to extract Cd from environmental matrices was extensively covered 66 (91 references).…”

Chemical vapour generation assisted by Cr3+/KCN coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry for ultrasensitive determination of cadmium in water and rice samples

“…As the exposure of humans to Cd has obvious negative effects, 1,2,5 it is important to continue developing analytical methodologies for ultrasensitive Cd determination in a variety of biological, environmental or food samples. 6–9…”

“…As the exposure of humans to Cd has obvious negative effects, 1,2,5 it is important to continue developing analytical methodologies for ultrasensitive Cd determination in a variety of biological, environmental or food samples. [6][7][8][9] Vapour generation (VG) as a sample introduction technique for methods of analytical atomic spectrometry is still attractive as it carries many inherent advantages. 10 The analyte in the liquid phase is converted by a chemical, electrochemical or photochemical reaction to a volatile species, which is subsequently separated from the liquid matrix and transported to an ionization or atomization unit (atomizer) for detection.…”