Methods in Cognitive Pupillometry: Design, Preprocessing, and Statistical Analysis

Mathôt, Sebastiaan; Vilotijević, Ana

doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481628

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…We ran a four-fold cross-validation analysis on a predetermined time-window of 750-3000 ms after the onset of the cue to assess differences in pupil size across eccentricities. This procedure is described in more detail in Mathôt and Vilotijević (2022); however, in brief, this analysis determines a time point at which an effect of interest (Cue Eccentricity in our case) is strongest by splitting the data into training and test sets. Next, for each test set, the corresponding training set is used to determine the time point at which the effect is the strongest; a single linear mixed effects (LME) analysis is then conducted for the full dataset, using for each test set the time point that was selected based on the corresponding training set, thus avoiding both circularity and the need to correct for multiple comparisons.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the workflow for preprocessing pupillary data that we described elsewhere (Mathôt & Vilotijević, 2022), we first interpolated blinks and downsampled the data by a factor of 10. Also, we converted pupil size measurements from arbitrary units to millimeters of diameter by using the formula specific to our lab (Wilschut & Mathôt, 2022).…”

Section: Pupillary Data: Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Vilotijević

Mathôt

2022

Preprint

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Previous studies have suggested that pupil size increases with covert shifts of attention to the peripheral as compared to the (para)foveal visual field, i.e., with increasing attentional breadth. This finding is crucial because it matches the theoretical prediction that (para)foveal vision benefits more from the visual acuity provided by small pupils than peripheral vision does. However, no study has investigated this question while controlling for all possible confounds (e.g., task difficulty). Throughout three experiments (N=100) we tested whether pupil size increases with increasing attentional breadth, and if this effect depends on the shape of attention, that is, whether attention is broadly (Annulus Attention) or narrowly (Spotlight Attention) distributed. We found that pupil size increases with covert shifts of attention to the peripheral visual field, i.e., increasing attentional breadth, with no clear difference between the two shapes of attention. We further found a correlation with performance, suggesting a functional benefit of the link between attentional breadth and pupil size. Finally, we propose that cognitively driven pupil dilation is not merely a convenient marker of activity in brain areas such as the Locus Coeruleus, but rather is an adaptive response that reflects an emphasis on peripheral vision over foveal vision.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pupillary Data: Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Vilotijević

Mathôt

2022

Preprint

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“…Following the exclusion criteria defined in the preregistration, two participants were initially excluded because their accuracies for question 1 (Target search task) were below 80%. However, in deviation from the preregistration, we updated our analysis pathway to use a new, improved blink-reconstruction algorithm and to exclude trials based on deviant baseline pupil sizes (Mathôt & Vilotijević, 2022); after this update, one participant reached 80% for question 1 and was included again. Therefore, 26 participants were included in the final analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concealed identity information detection with pupillometry in rapid serial visual presentation

Chen

Karabay

Mathôt

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The concealed information test (CIT) relies on bodily reactions to stimuli that are hidden in mind. However, people can use countermeasures, such as purposely focusing on irrelevant things, to confound the CIT. A new method designed to prevent the use of countermeasures, based on rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), presents each stimulus on the fringe of awareness. Previous studies that used RSVP in combination with electroencephalography (EEG) showed that participants exhibit a clear reaction to their real first name, when they pretend to have a different name, even when they try to prevent such a reaction. Since EEG measures are not easily applicable outside the laboratory, we investigated here whether pupil size, which is easier to measure, is also able to detect concealed identity information. In our study, 31 participants were asked to adopt a fake name, and search for this name in an RSVP task, while their pupil sizes were recorded. Apart from this fake name, their real name and a control name also appeared in the task. We found that the pupil dilated more in response to the task-irrelevant real name, as compared to control names. However, while most participants showed this effect qualitatively, it was not statistically significant for most participants when analysed individually. Taken together, our results show that the current RSVP task with pupillometry can detect concealed identity information at a group level. Further development of the method is needed to create a valid and reliable concealed identity information detector at the individual level.

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“…Right and left eye data were treated separately then averaged. To account for fluctuations in arousal and tonic pupil changes, we performed a baseline correction, as recommended by Mathôt and Vilotijević [45]. Baselining was achieved by subtracting the baseline pupil size, taken from a 200ms window before stimulus onset (as in [17]), from the peak pupil response over a 3000ms window on each trial (see Figure 2C).…”

Section: Pupil Dilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Task-evoked pupillary responses track precision-weighted prediction errors and learning rate during interceptive visuomotor actions

Harris¹,

Arthur²,

Vine³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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In this study we examined the relationship between physiological encoding of surprise and the learning of anticipatory eye movements. Active inference portrays perception and action as interconnected inference processes driven by the imperative to minimise the surprise of sensory observations. To examine this characterisation of oculomotor learning during a hand-eye coordination task, we tested whether anticipatory eye movements were updated in accordance with Bayesian principles and whether learning rates tracked pupil dilation as a marker of ‘surprise’. Forty-four participants completed an interception task in immersive virtual reality that required them to hit bouncing balls with either expected or unexpected bounce profiles. We recorded anticipatory eye movements known to index participants’ beliefs about likely ball bounce trajectories. By fitting a hierarchical Bayesian inference model to the trial-wise trajectories of these predictive eye movements, we were able to estimate each individual’s expectations about bounce trajectories, rates of belief updating, and precision-weighted prediction errors. We found that the task-evoked pupil response tracked prediction errors and learning rates but not beliefs about ball bounciness or environmental volatility. These findings are partially consistent with active inference accounts and shed light on how encoding of surprise may shape the control of action.

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Methods in Cognitive Pupillometry: Design, Preprocessing, and Statistical Analysis

Cited by 16 publications

References 110 publications

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Concealed identity information detection with pupillometry in rapid serial visual presentation

Task-evoked pupillary responses track precision-weighted prediction errors and learning rate during interceptive visuomotor actions

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