Methods in cognitive pupillometry: Design, preprocessing, and statistical analysis

Mathôt, Sebastiaan; Vilotijević, Ana

doi:10.3758/s13428-022-01957-7

Cited by 60 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…We ran a four-fold cross-validation analysis on a predetermined time-window of 750-3000 ms after the onset of the cue to assess differences in pupil size across eccentricities. This procedure is described in more detail in Mathôt and Vilotijević (2022); however, in brief, this analysis determines a time point at which an effect of interest (Cue Eccentricity in our case) is strongest by splitting the data into training and test sets. Next, for each test set, the corresponding training set is used to determine the time point at which the effect is the strongest; a single linear mixed effects (LME) analysis is then conducted for the full dataset, using for each test set the time point that was selected based on the corresponding training set, thus avoiding both circularity and the need to correct for multiple comparisons.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the workflow for preprocessing pupillary data that we described elsewhere (Mathôt & Vilotijević, 2022), we first interpolated blinks and downsampled the data by a factor of 10. Also, we converted pupil size measurements from arbitrary units to millimeters of diameter by using the formula specific to our lab (Wilschut & Mathôt, 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Vilotijević

Mathôt

2022

Preprint

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Previous studies have suggested that pupil size increases with covert shifts of attention to the peripheral as compared to the (para)foveal visual field, i.e., with increasing attentional breadth. This finding is crucial because it matches the theoretical prediction that (para)foveal vision benefits more from the visual acuity provided by small pupils than peripheral vision does. However, no study has investigated this question while controlling for all possible confounds (e.g., task difficulty). Throughout three experiments (N=100) we tested whether pupil size increases with increasing attentional breadth, and if this effect depends on the shape of attention, that is, whether attention is broadly (Annulus Attention) or narrowly (Spotlight Attention) distributed. We found that pupil size increases with covert shifts of attention to the peripheral visual field, i.e., increasing attentional breadth, with no clear difference between the two shapes of attention. We further found a correlation with performance, suggesting a functional benefit of the link between attentional breadth and pupil size. Finally, we propose that cognitively driven pupil dilation is not merely a convenient marker of activity in brain areas such as the Locus Coeruleus, but rather is an adaptive response that reflects an emphasis on peripheral vision over foveal vision.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Vilotijević

Mathôt

2022

Preprint

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Section: Pupillary Data: Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To investigate the effect of attentional breadth on pupil size, we ran a four-fold cross-validation analysis on a predetermined time-window of 750-3000 ms after the onset of the cue to assess differences in pupil size across eccentricities, after which a single linear mixed effects (LME) is conducted for the full dataset (this procedure is described in more detail in Mathôt & Vilotijević, 2022).…”

Section: The Effect Of Attentional Breadth On Pupil Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Vilotijević

Mathôt

2023

Psychon Bull Rev

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People are best able to detect stimuli in peripheral vision when their pupils are large, and best able to discriminate stimuli in central vision when their pupils are small. However, it is unclear whether our visual system makes use of this by dilating the pupils when attention is directed towards peripheral vision. Therefore, throughout three experiments (N = 100), we tested whether pupil size adapts to the “breadth” of attention. We found that pupils dilate with increasing attentional breadth, both when attention is diffusely spread and when attention is directed at specific locations in peripheral vision. Based on our results and others, we propose that cognitively driven pupil dilation is not an epiphenomenal marker of locus coeruleus activity, as is often assumed, but rather is an adaptive response that reflects an emphasis on peripheral vision.

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“…A louder prestimulus leading noise will likely increase pupil size by mere virtue of sensation level (Liao et al 2016), and therefore the subsequent baseline-corrected values will be compressed. Matho ˆt et al (2022) warn against this practice in a thorough review of pupillometry experiment design. Despite concerns about an unwieldy interaction, several studies (Zekveld et al 2010(Zekveld et al 2011Koelewijn et al 2012;Parthasarathy et al 2020) presented speech-in-noise stimuli where the leading noise (rather than the speech) was varied in intensity to achieve target signal-to-noise ratios, where the data still produced interpretable results in line with the hypotheses.…”

Section: Time Scales Of Listening Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Scales and Moments of Listening Effort Revealed in Pupillometry

Winn

2023

Semin Hear

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This article offers a collection of observations that highlight the value of time course data in pupillometry and points out ways in which these observations create deeper understanding of listening effort. The main message is that listening effort should be considered on a moment-to-moment basis rather than as a singular amount. A review of various studies and the reanalysis of data reveal distinct signatures of effort before a stimulus, during a stimulus, in the moments after a stimulus, and changes over whole experimental testing sessions. Collectively these observations motivate questions that extend beyond the “amount” of effort, toward understanding how long the effort lasts, and how precisely someone can allocate effort at specific points in time or reduce effort at other times. Apparent disagreements between studies are reconsidered as informative lessons about stimulus selection and the nature of pupil dilation as a reflection of decision making rather than the difficulty of sensory encoding.

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Methods in cognitive pupillometry: Design, preprocessing, and statistical analysis

Cited by 60 publications

References 97 publications

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Emphasis on peripheral vision is accompanied by pupil dilation

Time Scales and Moments of Listening Effort Revealed in Pupillometry

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