Methods for the detection of sulfur mustard metabolites in biological materials: An analytical review

Orlova, O. I.; Savel’eva, E. I.; Khlebnikova, N. S.

doi:10.1134/s1061934813010103

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…After the HD exposure, the metabolic pathways in rats or humans have been thoroughly studied and reviewed . It has been determined that hydrolysis, involving the replacement of chlorine atoms by hydroxy groups and reactions with nucleophilic groups, is the primary pathway when HD is exposed to the human body . Various adducts can be detected in the blood samples collected from the individuals affected in the exposure, including DNA adducts or protein adducts. – The main urinary metabolites after the HD exposure were identified to be thiodiglycol (TDG) and other hydrolysis products [Figure ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Quantification of Biomarkers for Bis-(2-chloroethyl) Sulfide and 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio) Ethane Exposure in Human Urine at Trace Exposure Levels by Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry via Simultaneous Incubation and Extraction

Li,

Yang,

Yan

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Sulfur mustard [HD; sulfide] and other analogues are a kind of highly toxic vesicant and have been prohibited by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) since 1997. Exposures to HD could generate several adducts in the plasma and hydrolysis products in the urine, which are widely applied as biomarkers to identify HD exposure in forensic analysis. Several methods have been developed for the detection of related biomarkers. However, most methods are based on complex derivatization, and not enough attention is paid to HD analogues. A modified and convenient analytical method reported herein includes simultaneous incubation and organic solvent extraction. The biomarkers such as thiodiglycol and 1,2-bis (2-hydroxyethylthio) are transferred to HD and 1,2-bis(2-chloroethylthio) ethane via hydrochloric acid at the appropriate temperature. The analytes are analyzed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC−MS/MS) with 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) applied as the internal standard. The interday and intraday study according to FDA rules has been achieved to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the method. The two targets are detected with a good linearity (R 2 > 0.99) in the concentration ranges from 5 to 1000 ng/mL and 10 to 1000 ng/mL, with small relative standard deviations (RSD ≤6.62% and RSD ≤6.93%) and favorable recoveries between 90.3 and 107.3% and between 89.4 and 108.7%, respectively. The established method can be used for retrospective detection of sulfur mustards in biological samples and successfully applied in the biomedical proficiency testing organized by the OPCW.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Quantification of Biomarkers for Bis-(2-chloroethyl) Sulfide and 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio) Ethane Exposure in Human Urine at Trace Exposure Levels by Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry via Simultaneous Incubation and Extraction

Li,

Yang,

Yan

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…This method has since been used to detect TDG in the urine of a casualty accidentally exposed by sulfur mustard. 25 TDGO analysis is a complex issue using both LC as well as GC. TDGO presents two problems for analysis by GC.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Black and Read developed a method that converted TDG to its bis-pentafluorobenzoyl derivative with a detection limit of 1 ng/mL, while thiodiglycol was analyzed as a bis(heptafluorobutyryl) derivative by Jakubowski et al, where TDG in urine could be detected down to concentrations of 1 ng/mL. This method has since been used to detect TDG in the urine of a casualty accidentally exposed by sulfur mustard …”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of Mustard Gas Hydrolysis Products Thiodiglycol and Thiodiglycol Sulfoxide by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Trifluoroacetylation

et al. 2014

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A method for detecting mustard gas degradation products thiodiglycol (TDG) and thiodiglycol sulfoxide (TDGO) in water and sediment samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) after derivatization with 1-(trifluoroacetyl)imidazole (TFAI) was described. Selected reaction monitoring mode (SRM) of tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of TDG and TDGO derivatives while analysis by gas chromatography-atomic emission detector (GC-AED) was performed using the 181 nm sulfur canal. TFAI derivatization conditions were optimized and the method validated. Two derivatization agents were compared, TFAI and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), where derivatization using TFAI occurred quicker and under milder conditions than using BSTFA. Water samples containing TDG and TDGO were evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, dissolved in organic solvent followed by reaction with TFAI. The limit of detection (LOD) for TDG and TDGO were 0.01 and 5 ng/mL, respectively. The limit of detection for TDG was decreased by two orders of magnitude if TFAI is used for derivatization rather than silyl derivatizing agents (e.g., BSTFA). TFAI has three major advantages in comparison to BSTFA, the first is much higher sensitvity, the second is a very clean background of chromatograms, and the last one is very mild conditions of derivatization. Moreover, by-products are not formed during derivatization of TDGO by TFAI in comparison to derivatization by silylating agents.

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A sensitive quantification approach for detection of HETE-CP adduct after benzyl chloroformate derivatization using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Chen¹,

Yu²,

Liu³

et al. 2019

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Methods for the detection of sulfur mustard metabolites in biological materials: An analytical review

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Simultaneous Quantification of Biomarkers for Bis-(2-chloroethyl) Sulfide and 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio) Ethane Exposure in Human Urine at Trace Exposure Levels by Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry via Simultaneous Incubation and Extraction

Simultaneous Quantification of Biomarkers for Bis-(2-chloroethyl) Sulfide and 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio) Ethane Exposure in Human Urine at Trace Exposure Levels by Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry via Simultaneous Incubation and Extraction

Determination of Mustard Gas Hydrolysis Products Thiodiglycol and Thiodiglycol Sulfoxide by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Trifluoroacetylation

A sensitive quantification approach for detection of HETE-CP adduct after benzyl chloroformate derivatization using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

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