Methods for the analysis of galanthamine and its extraction from laboratory to industrial scale

Pressurized Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Galanthamine and Related Alkaloids from Narcissus pseudonarcissus

“…The high pressurized water and methanol extractions yielded 0.57 and 3.90 mg/g-DW of galanthamine, respectively, under the same extraction conditions as those used for NADES (Figure 2, Table 3). The pressurized extraction using MAS (21) effectively extracted galanthamine with a yield comparable with MeOH extraction. The galanthamine yield of an exhaustive Soxhlet extraction of N. pseudonarcissus with methanol was 3.5 mg/g (0.35 %)DW (results not shown) which is consistent with reports by Lubbe et al [20] and Akram et al [21,22] of concentrations of galanthamine in the range of 0.2-0.4 % DW galanthamine in these bulbs.…”

“…On the other hand, there is no clear trend regarding the effect of sugars. The NADES containing sugar and malic acid, in combination with fructose (20) showed a much lower solubility of Gal-HBr than in combination with glucose (19) or sucrose (21). Interestingly, acid NADES containing citric acid with sugars (22-25) had a lower solubilising power than those containing malic acid.…”

“…Considering that the first extract is the pure NADES solvent, one would expect the solubility of Gal-HBr to be correlated to its extraction yield, but most of the high solubilizing solvents did not give very high yields of the alkaloids. In fact, MAS (21) was number 4 in the ranking of Gal-HBr solubility (Table1) but performed best in the extractor, whereas the best two (6, 19) did not perform very well in the extractor.…”

“…Acid-type NADES (21,24) extracted the most galanthamine (3.7 and 3.3 mg/g DW, respectively) and the galanthamine contents of the first cycle were also the highest, ca. 2.8 and 1.8 mg/ g DW, respectively.…”

“…1 b). The NADES with the highest solubility of Gal-HBr all cluster on the lower right side of the score plot (6,9,10,19,21,26), though some NADES with poor solubility are also in that area. From the PCA, it can be deduced that Gal-HBr is neither soluble in basic (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) nor in neutral NADES (1)(2)(3).…”