METHODS FOR SCREENING AND FOR THE RAPID SELECTION OF ELMS FOR RESISTANCE TO DUTCH ELM DISEASE<sup>2</sup>

Tchernoff, V.

doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1965.tb00204.x

Cited by 101 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Z-BU1 (2011Z-BU1 ( -2013 nor takes to reach its susceptibility peak to O. novo-ulmi in Madrid (Solla et al 2005b). A bud-cell suspension of the pathogen was prepared by adding 2 × 2 mm plugs from the edge of 7-day-old cultures on malt extract agar to 50 ml Tchernoff's liquid medium (Tchernoff 1965) in sterile Erlenmeyer flasks, followed by shaking in the dark for four days at room temperature. Spore suspensions were centrifuged at 50 × g for 20 min to eliminate the medium and then suspended in sterile distilled water.…”

Section: Inoculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain

Martín¹,

Solla²,

Venturas³

et al. 2015

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionIn the first half of the 20 th century, the first Dutch elm disease (DED) pandemic caused a massive loss of elms in Europe and North America. The much more aggressive O. novo-ulmi Brasier took the place of the causal agent, Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., in the second half of the century. The second pathogen has caused the disappearance of adult elms in many European and North American locations (Brasier & Kirk 2010). O. novo-ulmi is almost impossible to control through chemical, biological or silvicultural methods due to its high virulence and highly effective transmission via small beetles of the Scolytus and Hylorgopinus genera (Webber 2000). Tolerant elm genotype selection and breeding has been the most successful strategy for elm recovery, particularly in urban environments , 2011, Solla et al. 2005a. The Spanish elm breeding and conservation programme began in 1986 as the result of an agreement between the Spanish Environmental Administration and the Technical University of Madrid School of Forestry Engineering. Its two main objectives were to conserve remaining elm genetic resources and to transmit their variability to future generations of tolerant elms obtained through breeding; i.e., hybridisation of selected progenitors (native or tolerant Asian elms) to obtain tolerant trees with the appearance of native elm species.The first elm breeding programme began in the Netherlands in 1928 (Heybroek 1993) and was followed by several programmes in the United States and various European countries Santini et al. 2011, Buiteveld et al. 2014. As a result of crossing these species with native elms, a wide range of hybrid clones of varying tolerance levels and genetic backgrounds is now available on the market. The Spanish programme took advantage of the knowledge, methodologies and plant materials previously developed by the Dutch and Italian programmes. In the first 14 years, U. pumila was used as the main source of resistance, giving rise to 10 crossings tolerant to O. novo-ulmi (Solla et al. 2000). The tolerance of these crossings was tested in clone replicates (N > 16) over several years at various locations, and clone adaptation to different environments in Spain was evaluated. Five crossings with Asian background were recently selected to be released onto the market for ornamental use.In the 1990s the Spanish programme included some native elms, mainly U. minor, in the O. novo-ulmi susceptibility trials. In the following decade the programme focused mainly on selecting native elms. This new strategy complied with European and Spanish legislation governing the quality and genetic background of forest reproductive materials for production and marketing. In the European Union, forest reproductive materials are governed by Council Directive © SISEF http://www.sisef.it/iforest/ 172 iForest (2015) 8: 172-180

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Section: Inoculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain

Martín¹,

Solla²,

Venturas³

et al. 2015

iForest

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“…An interesting comparison of histological responses of the highly susceptible Belgica elm with the responses of the resistant Bea Schwarz elm was made by Tchernoff (1965). He observed initial discoloration (phenol-oxidation) in the vessels with subsequent spread of discoloration from these cells to living cells of the xylem.…”

Section: Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, additional histological observations have added to knowledge about vascular discoloration (Kerling, 1955;Ouellette, 1962;Tchernoff, 1965;Wilson, 1965;Gagnon, 1967a,b), Kerling (1955) studied the changes in the diseased tissues of two European elm hybrids. She found that discoloration of the vessel and tracheal walls was the first visible alteration of elm tissue.…”

Section: Xylem Discolorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron microscopy of elm infected with Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism) C Moreau

MacDonald

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“…novo-ulmi, formerly known as the EAN race (kindly provided by C. M. Brasier, Forestry Commission, UK). The conidial suspension was prepared according to the method by Tchernoff (1965), modified according to Sutherland et al (1995). The inoculum consisted of a conidial suspension of O. novo-ulmi (10 6 spores ml -1…”

Section: Inoculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of commercial elm cultivars and promising unreleased Dutch clones for resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

Buiteveld¹,

Werf²,

Hiemstra³

2015

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionIn the past centuries elms (Ulmus spp.) became a very important part of the landscape in large areas of the Netherlands. Elms have a combination of highly valued characteristics such as no specific requirements concerning soil type, the ability to resist (sea) winds, the very good recovery from mechanical damage, its adaptability to city conditions including its ability to endure de-icing salts and closed pavements and its much appreciated open crown. In fact, the elm is the ideal street and landscape tree in large parts of the Netherlands. This made the elm, and especially U. × hollandica cultivars, the dominant tree in the coastal areas and cities in the western part of the country at the beginning of the 20 th century. The spread of Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) and later Ophiostoma novoulmi (Brasier) during the 20 th century however resulted in millions of trees being lost (Hiemstra et al. 2006). Since 1928, elm breeding for resistance to DED has resulted in the release of several more or less resistant cultivars to the European market. Especially in the Netherlands -where the first cultivar ("C. Buisman") was released in 1936 -and the USA, large and long-term selection programs have been performed resulting in a number of hybrid clones with moderate to very good resistance. Also, more recently, other European programs on elm breeding were set up, e.g., in Italy, Spain and France (Mittempergher & Santini 2004). Today a wide range of clones of different DED-resistance and different parentage is available on the market. However, the use of these new elm cultivars in the Netherlands is still limited. "Vegeta" and "Commelin" elms that were planted in very large numbers in the second part of the twentieth century because of their level of resistance to DED caused by O. ulmi were attacked by O. novo-ulmi. Apparently, the lasting problems with DED in these earlier released cultivars, such as the sanitation costs for removing and replacing diseased and dead trees, has led to a lack of confidence in the resistance of newly released cultivars among urban foresters and landscape managers. As a result and despite its glorious past, around the year 2000 the elm was not even listed in the top 20 of street trees produced by Dutch tree nurseries (Geurts & Hiemstra 2002). However, the outcome of a survey among Dutch trees nurseries was that there is no other species that can replace the elm and it was concluded that confidence in the elm should be restored. None of the substitute tree species has the same set of characteristics that makes the elm so well-suited as a street tree; therefore the best replacement for the classical Dutch elm is still an elm, provided it is resistant to DED (Hiemstra et al. 2006). This paper reports on a study aimed at restoring the posi-

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METHODS FOR SCREENING AND FOR THE RAPID SELECTION OF ELMS FOR RESISTANCE TO DUTCH ELM DISEASE²

Cited by 101 publications

References 10 publications

Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain

Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain

Electron microscopy of elm infected with Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism) C Moreau

Comparison of commercial elm cultivars and promising unreleased Dutch clones for resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

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METHODS FOR SCREENING AND FOR THE RAPID SELECTION OF ELMS FOR RESISTANCE TO DUTCH ELM DISEASE2

Cited by 101 publications

References 10 publications

Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain

Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain

Electron microscopy of elm infected with Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism) C Moreau

Comparison of commercial elm cultivars and promising unreleased Dutch clones for resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

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METHODS FOR SCREENING AND FOR THE RAPID SELECTION OF ELMS FOR RESISTANCE TO DUTCH ELM DISEASE²