Methods for Nutrient Diagnosis of Fruit Trees Early in the Growing Season by Using Simultaneous Multi-element Analysis

Abstract

Fruit tree nutrition is one of the most important factors in terms of growth and productivity. Measurement of nutritional requirements is an important aspect of nutrient management because nutritional disorders reduce yield and fruit quality. This review explores how nutrient imbalances affect the yield and fruit quality of fruit trees, and presents methods for diagnosing fruit tree nutritional disorders in order to correct nutritional deficiencies. In orchards, differences between soil sampling sites and locations of fruit tree roots when the root system is deep and unevenly distributed make it difficult to obtain representative soil samples from which to measure the forms of nutrients available to the trees. The delayed response of fruit trees to fertilizer applications compared with annual crops makes it difficult to determine their nutritional status through soil analysis immediately after application. In addition to soil analysis, plant tissue analysis is used to determine nutritional status and fruit tree nutritional requirements. In particular, earlier analysis in the growing season could allow sufficient time to correct any deficiencies before harvest. A recent approach that relies on analysis of the ionome, which is defined as the entire mineral nutrient and trace element complement in an organism, through simultaneous quantitative measurement enables comprehensive evaluation of multi-element composition. This approach could be especially effective as major decreases in yield and fruit quality are often caused by the interaction of several elements. Until recently, studies of fruit tree nutritional disorders have focused on particular nutrients, not multiple elements. Therefore, the application of ionomic analysis is a promising approach to elucidate multi-element interactions for accurate diagnosis of nutritional disorders.

Use of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for Determining the Nutritional Balance of Durian Cultivated in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

“…We successfully determined the optimal nutrient range in durian leaf cultivated on the VMD (Table 4). In this study, the proposed nutrients (g kg −1 ) that are optimal for leaf durian are 19.8-26.0 N, 2.11-2.90 P, 17.4-24.6 K, 20.8-32.6 Ca, 3.81-7.30 Mg, and 2.21-4.40 S. These optimum ranges for durian leaves at the stage 2 months before flowering agree with the results of Poovarodom et al [13], who reported the standard concentrations (g kg −1 ) of N (20-24), P (1.5-2.5), K (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), Ca (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), and Mg (2.5-5.0) in durian leaf cultivated in Thailand. Another study [46] in Thailand showed that the average nutrient concentrations (g kg −1 ) in durian leaf were 19-23, 1.7-2.6, 14-18, 20-35, 4.4-6.9, and 2.4-2.7 (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively).…”

“…In many countries, fertilizer recommendations and nutritional status diagnosis in fruit plants are determined based on leaf analysis [13][14][15] because foliar analysis reveals the actual uptake of the plant from fertilization and soil. This is considered a measurement method for the evaluation of the current nutritional status of crops, which might be replaced by soil analysis [16].…”

Determining the compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) norms and main nutrient interactions in 'Golden Delicious' apple on calcareous soils

“…Better understanding of nutrient interactions may be useful in understanding importance of balanced supply of nutrients and consequently improvement in plant growth or yields. The ionomes of nutrients in the root-zone soil solution were in uenced by soil type and fertilizer application management (Matsuoka et al 2020). A highly signi cant positive correlation was observed between soil-K and leaf-Mn (Nofal and Khalifa 2002).…”

“…A highly signi cant positive correlation was observed between soil-K and leaf-Mn (Nofal and Khalifa 2002). Application of excessive amounts of N and P fertilizers especially in calcareous soil could alter the ionomic of nutrients and reduced the leaf K, Mn, Cu and Fe concentration in 'Jonathan' apple trees (Matsuoka et al, 2020). Also, increasing the rate of N fertilization when growth was constrained by K de ciency increased leaf N and decreased leaf B (Neilsen et al 2008).…”

“…The nutrient imbalance caused by a shortage of certain nutrients or luxury consumption of others can be detected as a large multivariate distance from a landmark composition. One nutrient interferes with others, and these nutritional imbalances can cause fruit tree nutritional disorders (Matsuoka 2020). Imbalance of nutrient status and lack of judicious nutrient norms and indices cause severe fruit losses in apple orchards especially the 'Golden Delicious' cultivar.…”