Methods for Measurement of Physical Fitness and Training Recommendations in Studies on Humans

Hollmann, W; Knigge, H; Knicker, Axel; Strüder, Heiko K.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3293-7_5

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Before engaging in 2 weeks of either exercise (EXELEARN) or rest (RESTLEARN), all participants performed a graded incremental exercise test (GXT) on a bicycle ergometer (Ergoline, ergoselect 200). We used the standard scheme of the World Health Organization (Hollmann et al, 2012) with an initial work intensity of 25 W and an increase of 25 W every 2 min (pedaling rate 60 -70 ϫ min Ϫ1 ). The GXT was terminated after completion of the stage during which a heart rate of 170 ϫ min Ϫ1 was reached.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colocalized White Matter Plasticity and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Long-Term Motor Learning

2020

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Cardiovascular exercise (CE) is a promising intervention strategy to facilitate cognition and motor learning in healthy and diseased populations of all ages. CE elevates humoral parameters, such as growth factors, and stimulates brain changes potentially relevant for learning and behavioral adaptations. However, the causal relationship between CE-induced brain changes and human's ability to learn remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that CE elicits a positive effect on learning via alterations in brain structure (morphological changes of gray and white matter) and function (functional connectivity and cerebral blood flow in resting state). We conducted a randomized controlled trial with healthy male and female human participants to compare the effects of a 2 week CE intervention against a non-CE control group on subsequent learning of a challenging new motor task (dynamic balancing; DBT) over 6 consecutive weeks. We used multimodal neuroimaging [T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, and resting state functional MRI] to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating between CE and learning. As expected, subjects receiving CE subsequently learned the DBT at a higher rate. Using a modified nonparametric combination approach along with multiple mediator analysis, we show that this learning boost was conveyed by CE-induced increases in cerebral blood flow in frontal brain regions and changes in white matter microstructure in frontotemporal fiber tracts. Our study revealed neural mechanisms for the CE-learning link within the brain, probably allowing for a higher flexibility to adapt to highly novel environmental stimuli, such as learning a complex task.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colocalized White Matter Plasticity and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Long-Term Motor Learning

2020

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“…Participants performed the incremental test until volitional exhaustion. Exhaustion was considered with the attainment of at least two of the following criteria: high levels of blood lactate (8-10 mmol•L-1); a perceived rate of exertion of ≥18 and/or a HR of ± 10 (beats per minute) of age-predicted maximum (220 -age) [19]. Blood lactate samples were analyzed using the BIOSEN C-Line lactate analyzer (EKF-diagnostic GmbH, Barleben, Germany).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Distinct Intrinsic Resting State Brain Networks by Acute Exercise Bouts of Differing Intensity

Schmitt

Upadhyay

Martin

et al. 2019

BPL

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Acute exercise bouts alter resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) within cognitive, sensorimotor, and affective networks, but it remains unknown how these effects are influenced by exercise intensity. Twenty-five male athletes underwent individual fitness assessments using an incremental treadmill test. On separate days, they performed 'low' (35% below lactate threshold) and 'high' (20% above lactate threshold) intensity exercise bouts of 30 min. Rs-fMRI and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) were acquired before and after each exercise bout. Networks of interest were extracted from twenty-two participants (3 dropouts). Pre-to-post changes and between conditions effects were evaluated using FSL's randomise by applying repeated measures ANOVA. Results were reported at p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons using threshold free cluster enhancement. PANAS revealed a significant increase in positive mood after both exercise conditions. Significant effects were observed between conditions in the right affective and reward network (ARN), the right fronto parietal network (FPN) and the sensorimotor network (SMN). Pre-to-post comparisons after 'low' exercise intensity revealed a significant increase in rs-FC in the left and right FPN, while after 'high'-intensity exercise rs-FC decreased in the SMN and the dorsal attention network (DAN) and increased in the left ARN. Supporting recent findings, this study is the first to report distinct rs-FC alterations driven by exercise intensity: (i) Increased rs-FC in FPN may indicate beneficial functional plasticity for cognitive/attentional processing, (ii) increased rs-FC in ARN may be linked to endogenous opioid-mediated internal affective states. Finally, (iii) decreased rs-FC in the SMN may signify persistent motor fatigue. The distinct effects on rs-FC fit with theories of transient persistent network alterations after acute exercise bouts that are mediated by different exercise intensities and impact differentially on cognitive/attentional or affective responses.

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“…Ratings on the RPE scale varied from "6-no exertion at all/extremely light" to "20-maximal exertion". Maximal effort was considered to be achieved with the attainment of at least two of the following criteria: high levels of blood lactate concentration (8-10 mmol/L), a perceived rate of exertion of ≥18, and/or a HR of ±10 beats per minute (bpm) of agepredicted maximum (220-age) [18]. Blood lactate samples from the incremental exercise test were analyzed using the Biosen C-Line lactate analyzer (EKF Diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany).…”

Section: Neural Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective Modulation after High-Intensity Exercise Is Associated with Prolonged Amygdalar-Insular Functional Connectivity Increase

et al. 2020

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Acute moderate exercise has been shown to induce prolonged changes in functional connectivity (FC) within affect and reward networks. The influence of different exercise intensities on FC has not yet been explored. Twenty-five male athletes underwent 30 min of “low”- (35%<lactate threshold (LT)) and “high”- (20%>LT) intensity exercise bouts on a treadmill. Resting-state fMRI was acquired at 3 Tesla before and after exercise, together with the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Data of 22 subjects (3 dropouts) were analyzed using the FSL feat pipeline and a seed-to-network-based analysis with the bilateral amygdala as the seed region for determining associated FC changes in the “emotional brain.” Data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. Comparisons between pre- and post-exercise were analyzed using a one-sample t-test, and a paired t-test was used for the comparison between “low” and “high” exercise conditions (nonparametric randomization approach, results reported at p<0.05). Both exercise interventions induced significant increases in the PANAS positive affect scale. There was a significant interaction effect of amygdalar FC to the right anterior insula, and this amygdalar-insular FC correlated significantly with the PANAS positive affect scale (r=0.47, p=0.048) in the “high”-intensity exercise condition. Our findings suggest that mood changes after exercise are associated with prolonged alterations in amygdalar-insular FC and occur in an exercise intensity-dependent manner.

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Methods for Measurement of Physical Fitness and Training Recommendations in Studies on Humans

Cited by 12 publications

References 68 publications

Colocalized White Matter Plasticity and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Long-Term Motor Learning

Colocalized White Matter Plasticity and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Long-Term Motor Learning

Modulation of Distinct Intrinsic Resting State Brain Networks by Acute Exercise Bouts of Differing Intensity

Affective Modulation after High-Intensity Exercise Is Associated with Prolonged Amygdalar-Insular Functional Connectivity Increase

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