Methods for estimating insulin resistance from untargeted metabolomics data

Abstract

Context Insulin resistance is associated with multiple complex diseases; however, precise measures of insulin resistance are invasive, expensive, and time-consuming. Objective Develop estimation models for measures of insulin resistance, including insulin sensitivity index (SI) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) from metabolomics data. Design Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRASFS). Setting Community based. Participants Mexican Americans (MA) and African Americans (AA). Main outcome Estimation models for measures of insulin resistance, i.e. SI and HOMA-IR. Results Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Elastic Net regression were used to build insulin resistance estimation models from 1274 metabolites combined with clinical data, e.g. age, sex, body mass index (BMI). Metabolite data were transformed using three approaches, i.e. inverse normal transformation, standardization, and Box Cox transformation. The analysis was performed in one MA recruitment site (San Luis Valley, Colorado (SLV); N = 450) and tested in another MA recruitment site (San Antonio, Texas (SA); N = 473). In addition, the two MA recruitment sites were combined and estimation models tested in the AA recruitment sample (Los Angeles, California; N = 495). Estimated and empiric SI were correlated in the SA (r2 = 0.77) and AA (r2 = 0.74) testing datasets. Further, estimated and empiric SI were consistently associated with BMI, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and triglycerides. We applied similar approaches to estimate HOMA-IR with similar results. Conclusions We have developed a method for estimating insulin resistance with metabolomics data that has the potential for application to a wide range of biomedical studies and conditions.

Review on analytical technologies and applications in metabolomics

“…In scenarios with limited known data, untargeted analyses are more appropriate. These analyses are intricate due to the vast number of metabolites present, ranging from hundreds in prokaryotes to thousands in humans [39][40][41]. Nonetheless, untargeted analysis is instrumental in preliminary research, granting a wealth of information about the sample.…”