Methods for developmental studies of fear conditioning circuitry

Pine, Daniel S.; Fyer, Abby J.; Grun, Joseph; Phelps, Elizabeth A.; Szeszko, Philip R.; Koda, Vivian H.; Li, Wei; Ardekani, Babak A.; Maguire, Eleanor A.; Burgess, Neil; Bilder, Robert M.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01159-3

Cited by 57 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Nonetheless, our findings are consistent with fMRI studies showing greater right than left amygdala activity in fear learning (LaBar et al, 1998;Pine et al, 2001;Pegna et al, 2005) and neuropsychological studies showing greater emotion recognition deficits after right amygdala lesions Meletti et al, 2003;Benuzzi et al, 2004). Amygdala laterality may be influenced by task stimuli, with the left amygdala more active in emotional learning tasks using verbal instruction or verbal context (Kim et al, 2004), so our use of nonverbal facial stimuli may have preferentially involved the right amygdala.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions Reflects Emotional Learning

Hooker¹,

Germine²,

Knight³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

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The functional role of the human amygdala in the evaluation of emotional facial expressions is unclear. Previous animal and human research shows that the amygdala participates in processing positive and negative reinforcement as well as in learning predictive associations between stimuli and subsequent reinforcement. Thus, amygdala response to facial expressions could reflect the processing of primary reinforcement or emotional learning. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested the hypothesis that amygdala response to facial expressions is driven by emotional association learning. We show that the amygdala is more responsive to learning object-emotion associations from happy and fearful facial expressions than it is to the presentation of happy and fearful facial expressions alone. The results provide evidence that the amygdala uses social signals to rapidly and flexibly learn threatening and rewarding associations that ultimately serve to enhance survival.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions Reflects Emotional Learning

Hooker¹,

Germine²,

Knight³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

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“…The observed activation pattern within the amygdala would then depend on the time window, which is analyzed during the conditioning process. Previous fear conditioning studies indeed showed differential habituation of amygdala activation in reaction to CS+ and CSÀ, with a more rapid signal decrease in responses to the CS+ (LaBar et al, 1998;Bü chel et al, 1998;Pine et al, 2001). Thereby, signal decreases of hemodynamic amygdala responses were described across trials (LaBar et al, 1998;Bü chel et al, 1998;Phillips et al, 2001), but also within trials of longer durations .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Several studies reported differential amygdala responses to CS+ and CSÀ early but not late during acquisition and a more rapid decrease in response to the CS+ than to the CSÀ (LaBar et al, 1998;Bü chel et al, 1998;Pine et al, 2001;Cheng et al, 2003). An assumption of different stages of conditioning as described above might provide an explanation for some of these inconsistencies since the results obviously vary depending on the time window of the conditioning process that is analyzed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hemodynamic responses of the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex and the visual cortex during a fear conditioning paradigm

Tabbert

Stark

Kirsch

et al. 2005

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…Similarly, functional neuroimaging studies in humans have reported amygdala activation during fear conditioning (Alvarez et al, 2008;Barrett and Armony, 2009;Buchel et al, 1998Buchel et al, , 1999Cheng et al, 2003Cheng et al, , 2006Gottfried and Dolan, 2004;Knight et al, 2004Knight et al, , 2005LaBar et al, 1998;Milad et al, 2007b;Morris and Dolan, 2004;Pine et al, 2001;Tabbert et al, 2006), even when the CS is presented below perceptual thresholds (Critchley et al, 2002; 2009; Morris et al, 2001) and even when more complex USs are used (Doronbekov et al, 2005;Klucken et al, 2009). In addition, amygdala activity has been associated with skin conductance changes during fear conditioning (Cheng et al, 2006;Furmark et al, 1997;LaBar et al, 1998;Phelps et al, 2001).…”

Section: Pavlovian Fear Conditioning and Extinctionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders

Shin

Liberzon

2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

1,705

927

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Anxiety disorders are a significant problem in the community, and recent neuroimaging research has focused on determining the brain circuits that underlie them. Research on the neurocircuitry of anxiety disorders has its roots in the study of fear circuits in animal models and the study of brain responses to emotional stimuli in healthy humans. We review this research, as well as neuroimaging studies of anxiety disorders. In general, these studies have reported relatively heightened amygdala activation in response to disorder-relevant stimuli in post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia. Activation in the insular cortex appears to be heightened in many of the anxiety disorders. Unlike other anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with diminished responsivity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and adjacent ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Additional research will be needed to (1) clarify the exact role of each component of the fear circuitry in the anxiety disorders, (2) determine whether functional abnormalities identified in the anxiety disorders represent acquired signs of the disorders or vulnerability factors that increase the risk of developing them, (3) link the findings of functional neuroimaging studies with those of neurochemistry studies, and (4) use functional neuroimaging to predict treatment response and assess treatment-related changes in brain function.

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Methods for developmental studies of fear conditioning circuitry

Cited by 57 publications

References 21 publications

Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions Reflects Emotional Learning

Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions Reflects Emotional Learning

Hemodynamic responses of the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex and the visual cortex during a fear conditioning paradigm

The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders

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