“…Polysaccharides show high chemical activities because of their abundant functional groups, such as amino and hydroxyl groups ( Yang Y. et al, 2020 ). Several reviews have summarized the synthetic protocols for common polysaccharide derivatives ( Tiwari and Bahadur, 2019 ; Anpilova et al, 2020 ; Yang Y. et al, 2020 ). In the nanomaterial synthesis process, polysaccharides can be reacted under drastic conditions, such as high temperatures, salt contents, and shear forces, with relatively stable structures and biological activities compared with nucleic acids and proteins ( Yuan et al, 2018 ; Garcia-Vaquero et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019a ; Chao et al, 2020 ; Chen B. et al, 2020 ).…”