Methods for Biomimetic Remineralization of Human Dentine: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This study aimed to review the laboratory methods on biomimetic remineralization of demineralized human dentine. A systematic search of the publications in the PubMed, TRIP, and Web of Science databases was performed. Titles and abstracts of initially identified publications were screened. Clinical trials, reviews, non-English articles, resin-dentine interface studies, hybrid layer studies, hybrid scaffolds studies, and irrelevant studies were excluded. The remaining papers were retrieved with full texts. Manual screening was conducted on the bibliographies of remaining papers to identify relevant articles. A total of 716 studies were found, and 690 were excluded after initial screening. Two articles were identified from the bibliographies of the remaining papers. After retrieving the full text, 23 were included in this systematic review. Sixteen studies used analogues to mimic the functions of non-collagenous proteins in biomineralization of dentine, and four studies used bioactive materials to induce apatite formation on demineralized dentine surface. One study used zinc as a bioactive element, one study used polydopamine, and another study constructed an agarose hydrogel system for biomimetic mineralization of dentine. Many studies reported success in biomimetic mineralization of dentine, including the use of non-collagenous protein analogues, bioactive materials, or elements and agarose hydrogel system.

Selective monophosphorylation of chitosan via phosphorus oxychloride

“…For example, phosphorylated chitosan effectively complexes Ca 2+ to enhance tooth enamel remineralization and prevent future acid-catalyzed demineralization. 26,41 We examined the Ca 2+ chelation properties of P-chitosan by measuring total calcium chelation as a function of phosphorylation degree (Table 3). P-chitosan chelation was compared to that observed from control chitosan (i.e., no phosphorylation).…”

Dentin on the nanoscale: Hierarchical organization, mechanical behavior and bioinspired engineering

“…Healthy 44%) - it became apparent that effective dentin remineralization (determined on the basis of mechanical recovery) was only possible if both the extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar mineral components were replenished, (Figure 1) a conjecture that is largely supported today. Consequently, several strategies to remineralize dentin proposed to date highlight the importance of recovering the intrafibrillar mineral of demineralized (and carious) dentin (see 40, 41 for recent reviews), a process that has also been called functional remineralization, biomimetic remineralization, hierarchical remineralization and other similar terms. Similarly, these studies contributed to the development of numerous novel strategies that seek to prevent degradation of dentin-adhesive interfaces 41 , of scaffold materials with improved biological and physical properties 42 , and even the treatment of disease conditions such as DI-II-like dentin (Dspp knockout mice) 43 .…”

Secondary caries and microleakage

“…Later studies has revealed that carious dentin display four different zones, each zone with distinct microstructure changes, nanomechanical properties and decreasing mineral contents [46]. Efforts to achieve biomimetic remineralization in dentin are ongoing [47], with a major rationale that once the dentin begins to remineralize its biomechanical properties improve [48]. However, the remineralisation of these zones in the dentin is far more complex than in enamel, since there are no seed mineral crystals that remain like in enamel [49].…”