Methods and problems in neutrino observatories

Abstract

Gigantic neutrino telescopes are primarily designed to search for very high energy neutrino radiation from the cosmos. Neutrinos travel unhindered over cosmological distances and therefore carry unique undistorted information about its production sites: the most powerful accelerators of hadrons in nature. In these lectures, we present the relevant physics motivations and their specifics. We review methodological aspects of neutrino telescopes: the experimental technique, some of the faced problems and the capabilities in terms of discovery potential, effective area, isolation of a signal from atmospheric backgrounds, etc. Instruments and their operation in various media are described. We also mention the instrumental birth and provide an outlook of the detection technique toward very low and ultra-high energies.

Physics reach of atmospheric neutrino measurements at PINGU

“…For those detectors implementing magnetic field is not possible, such as Super-K [15,16], distinct signal, such as the delayed signal in single-ring electron events, or characteristic distribution, such as the inelasticity dependence of multi-ring electron events, can be used. The latter method can also apply to PINGU [71,42] for muon-CC events, which will be studied in the following sections.…”