Methodology to Estimate the Amount and Particle Size of Soil Ingested by Children: Implications for Exposure Assessment at Waste Sites

Calabrese, Edward J.; Stanek, Edward J.; Barnes, Ramon M.; Burmaster, David E.; Callahan, Barbara G.; Heath, Jennifer S.; Paustenbach, Dennis J.; Abraham, John; Gephart, L.A.

doi:10.1006/rtph.1996.0139

Cited by 50 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Note that the logarithmic scaling tends to mute the actual magnitude of these increases and the size of the largest peak. While an increase in elemental concentration with decreasing particle size had been reported previously for metals by Calabrese et al ( 1996 ) , their study did not size particles below 250 m. The multimodal character of these distributions suggests that the physical processes that are involved ( generation, transport, transformation, and sample collection ) are complex.…”

Section: Housedust Elemental Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 60%

Experimental methodologies and preliminary transfer factor data for estimation of dermal exposures to particles

Rodes

Newsome

Vanderpool

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Developmental efforts and experimental data that focused on quantifying the transfer of particles on a mass basis from indoor surfaces to human skin are described. Methods that utilized a common fluorescein -tagged Arizona Test Dust ( ATD ) as a possible surrogate for housedust and a uniform surface dust deposition chamber to permit estimation of particle mass transfer for selected dust size fractions were developed. Particle transfers to both wet and dry skin were quantified for contact events with stainless steel, vinyl, and carpeted surfaces that had been pre -loaded with the tagged test dust. To better understand the representativeness of the test dust, a large housedust sample was collected and analyzed for particle size distribution by mass and several metals ( Pb, Mn, Cd, Cr, and Ni ) . The real housedust sample was found to have multimodal size distributions ( mg / g ) for particle -phase metals. The fluorescein tagging provided surface coatings of 0.11 ± 0.36 ng fluorescein per gram of dust. The predominant surface location of the fluorescein tag would best represent simulated mass transfers for contaminant species coating the surfaces of the particles. The computer -controlled surface deposition chamber provided acceptably uniform surface coatings with known particle loadings on the contact test panels. Significant findings for the dermal transfer factor data were: ( a ) only about 1 / 3 of the projected hand surface typically came in contact with the smooth test surfaces during a press; ( b ) the fraction of particles transferred to the skin decreased as the surface roughness increased, with carpeting transfer coefficients averaging only 1 / 10 those of stainless steel; ( c ) hand dampness significantly increased the particle mass transfer; ( d ) consecutive presses decreased the particle transfer by a factor of 3 as the skin surface became loaded, requiring $100 presses to reach an equilibrium transfer rate; and ( e ) an increase in metals concentration with decreasing particle size, with levels at 25 m typically two or more times higher than those at 100 m Ð consistent with the earlier finding of Lewis et al. for the same sample for pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) .

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Section: Housedust Elemental Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 60%

Experimental methodologies and preliminary transfer factor data for estimation of dermal exposures to particles

Rodes

Newsome

Vanderpool

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…It should be noted that the frequency distributions of SIR after removing outliers are still skewed; thus, median values may more accurately represent the central tendency of the SIR for a population of children than mean values. However, mean SIR values were also calculated and are shown in Table 2 to provide comparisons with previous studies ( Calabrese et al 1989 ; 1996 ; 1997 ; Davis et al 1990 ; Doyle et al 2012a ; Irvine et al 2014 ). SIR values for a population of Chinese children are recommended according to median and 95th percentile values.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Soil Ingestion in a Population of Chinese Children

Lin

Wang

Cui

et al. 2017

Environ Health Perspect

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Background:China’s soil pollution poses serious health risks. However, data regarding the soil ingestion rate (SIR) of the Chinese population, which is critical to assessing associated health risks, are lacking.Objectives:We estimated soil ingestion of 177 Chinese children from Guangdong, Hubei, and Gansu Provinces.Methods:We conducted this investigation by employing a tracer mass-balance method. We collected a duplicate of all food consumed and all feces and urine excreted on 1 d (n=153) and over 3 consecutive d (n=24), as well as soil samples from play areas and drinking-water samples. We analyzed concentrations of the tracer elements Al, Ba, Ce, Mn, Sc, Ti, V, and Y in these samples using ICP-AES and ICP-MS and estimated the SIR for each subject.Results:The estimated SIR data based on each tracer element were characterized by a skewed distribution, as well as higher inter-tracer and inter-subject variation, with several outliers. After removing the outliers, daily SIR median (range) values in milligrams per day were Al, 27.8 (−42.0 to 257.3); Ba, 36.5 (−230.3 to 412.7); Ce, 35.3 (−21.2 to 225.8); Mn, 146.6 (−1259.4 to 1827.7); Sc, 54.8 (−4.5 to 292.0); Ti, 36.7 (−233.7 to 687.0); V, 92.1 (10.4 to 308.0); and Y, 59.1 (−18.4 to 283.0). Daily SIR median/95th percentile (range) values based on the best tracer method (BTM) were 51.7/216.6 (−9.5 to 297.6) mg/d.Conclusions:Based on the BTM, recommended SIR values for the general population of Chinese children (2.5 to 12 years old) are 52mg/d for the central tendency and 217mg/d for the upper percentile. We did not differentiate between outside soil and indoor dust. Considering the lower concentration of tracer elements in indoor dust than outside soil, actual soil and dust ingestion rates could be higher. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP930

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“…Indoor dusts are generally composed of finer particles than soil, and according to Bierkens et al (2011) particles with a diameter exceeding 150 µm represent 80% of external soil, but only 50% of indoor dust. In addition, fine particles adhere more effectively to the skin, thus increasing the potential for exposure through ingestion (Sheppard and Evenden 1994;Calabrese et al 1996;Kissel et al 1996), which is the route under investigation in this study. Therefore, house dusts were dry sieved to provide the <150 µm size fraction, even though the <250 µm fraction is usually considered to be the fraction of interest for oral bioaccessibility studies (Calabrese et al 1996).…”

Section: House Dust Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, fine particles adhere more effectively to the skin, thus increasing the potential for exposure through ingestion (Sheppard and Evenden 1994;Calabrese et al 1996;Kissel et al 1996), which is the route under investigation in this study. Therefore, house dusts were dry sieved to provide the <150 µm size fraction, even though the <250 µm fraction is usually considered to be the fraction of interest for oral bioaccessibility studies (Calabrese et al 1996). The samples were oven-dried at 40º C for 24 h, sieved through nylon mesh, and stored in polyethylene containers at ambient temperature.…”

Section: House Dust Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating relationships between biomarkers of exposure and environmental copper and manganese levels in house dusts from a Portuguese industrial city

Reis

Costa

Santos

et al. 2015

Environ Geochem Health

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This study reports on data obtained from a pilot survey focusing on house dust and toenail metal (loids) concentrations in residents living in the industrial city of Estarreja. The study design hereby described aims at investigating relationships between human toenails and both copper and manganese levels in house dusts. A total of 21 households and 30 individuals were recruited for the pilot study: 19 households corresponding to 27 residents living near the industrial complex, forming the exposed group, plus 2 households and 3 residents from residential areas with no anticipated environmental contaminants that were used for comparison. Factorial analysis was used for source apportionment purposes. Investigation on the potential influence of environmental factors over copper and manganese levels in the toenails was carried out via questionnaire data and multiple correspondence analysis. The results show that copper concentrations are more elevated in the indoor dusts while manganese concentrations are more elevated in the outdoor dust samples. The geometrical relationships in the datasets suggest that the backyard soil is a probable source of manganese to the indoor dust. Copper and manganese contents in the toenail clippings are more elevated in children than in adults but the difference between the two age groups is not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Investigation of environmental factors influencing the exposurebiomarker association indicates a probable relationship between manganese contents in indoor dust and manganese levels in toenail clippings, a result that is partially supported by the bioaccessibility estimates.However, for copper no relationship was found between indoor dusts and the biomarkers of exposure.

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Methodology to Estimate the Amount and Particle Size of Soil Ingested by Children: Implications for Exposure Assessment at Waste Sites

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental methodologies and preliminary transfer factor data for estimation of dermal exposures to particles

Experimental methodologies and preliminary transfer factor data for estimation of dermal exposures to particles

Estimates of Soil Ingestion in a Population of Chinese Children

Investigating relationships between biomarkers of exposure and environmental copper and manganese levels in house dusts from a Portuguese industrial city

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