Methodology of Adsorption at the Gas–Solid Interface

Rouquérol, F.; Rouquérol, J.; Sing, K. S. W.

doi:10.1016/b978-012598920-6/50004-x

Cited by 223 publications

(293 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…According to IUPAC, these curves fairly display the typical type IV isotherms and type H3 hysteresis loops which is the characteristics feature of the mesopores [47][48][49]. Here, the mesopores formation is associated with a presence of aggregates of platelike particles, giving rise to slit-like pores, [47] which is consistent with the TEM results {Fig.…”

Section: Specific Surface Area Analysissupporting

confidence: 78%

“…S8) centered at 3.5 nm supporting the existence of mesopores and macropores. In fact, the mesopores and macropores are formed due to aggregation of nanosheets because the single crystal nanosheets are nonporous [49]. Such organized porous structures might be extremely useful in photocatalysis because they possess efficient transport pathways to reactant and product molecules.…”

Section: Specific Surface Area Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene supported plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water splitting

et al. 2014

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It is well known that the noble metal nanoparticles show active absorption in the visible region because of the existence of the unique feature known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Here we report the effect of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on the enhancement of the renewable hydrogen (H2) evolution through photocatalytic water splitting. The plasmonic Au/graphene/TiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized in two steps: first the graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were developed by the hydrothermal decomposition process; then the Au was loaded by photodeposition. The plasmonic Au and the graphene as co-catalyst effectively prolong the recombination of the photogenerated charges. This plasmonic photocatalyst displayed enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution for water splitting in the presence of methanol as a sacrificial reagent. The H2 evolution rate from the Au/graphene co-catalyst was about 9 times higher than that of a pure graphene catalyst. The optimal graphene content was found to be 1.0 wt %, giving a H2 evolution of 1.34 mmol (i.e., 26 μmolh−1), which exceeded the value of 0.56 mmol (i.e., 112 μmolh−1) observed in pure TiO2. This high photocatalytic H2 evolution activity results from the deposition of TiO2 on graphene sheets, which act as an electron acceptors to efficiently separate the photogenerated charge carriers. However, the Au loading enhanced the H2 evolution dramatically and achieved a maximum value of 12 mmol (i.e., 2.4 mmolh−1) with optimal loading of 2.0 wt% Au on graphene/TiO2 composites. The enhancement of H2 evolution in the presence of Au results from the SPR effect induced by visible light irradiation, which boosts the energy intensity of the trapped electron as well as active sites for photocatalytic activity.

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Section: Specific Surface Area Analysissupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Specific Surface Area Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene supported plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water splitting

et al. 2014

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“…The concavity in the low RH range is considered to represent the end of formation of monomolecular layer and the beginning of the development of the multilayer of water molecules. 46 In case of lignocellulosic material, the monolayer is created via strong hydrogen bonding of single molecules in amorphous regions of plant fiber matrix. The almost linear midportion of the isotherm corresponds to weak bonds between multiple layers of water molecules or to the filling of the fine capillaries.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Torrefaction on Water Vapor Adsorption Properties and Resistance to Microbial Degradation of Corn Stover

et al. 2012

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The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of biomass affects transportation, storage, downstream feedstock processing, and the overall economy of biorenewables production. Torrefaction is a thermochemical process conducted in the temperature regime between 200 and 300 °C under an inert atmosphere that, among other benefits, aims to reduce the innate hydrophilicity and susceptibility to microbial degradation of biomass. The objective of this study was to examine water sorption properties of torrefied corn stover. The EMC of raw corn stover, along with corn stover thermally pretreated at three temperatures, was measured using the static gravimetric method at equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) and temperatures ranging from 10 to 98% and from 10 to 40 °C, respectively. Five isotherms were fitted to the experimental data to obtain the prediction equation that best describes the relationship between the ERH and the EMC of lignocellulosic biomass. Microbial degradation of the samples was tested at 97% ERH and 30 °C. Fiber analyses were conducted on all samples. In general, torrefied biomass showed an EMC lower than that of raw biomass, which implied an increase in hydrophobicity. The modified Oswin model performed best in describing the correlation between ERH and EMC. Corn stover torrefied at 250 and 300 °C had negligible dry matter mass loss due to microbial degradation. Fiber analysis showed a significant decrease in hemicellulose content with the increase in pretreatment temperature, which might be the reason for the hydrophobic nature of the torrefied biomass. The outcomes of this work can be used for torrefaction process optimization, and decision-making regarding raw and torrefied biomass storage and downstream processing. ABSTRACT:The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of biomass affects transportation, storage, downstream feedstock processing, and the overall economy of biorenewables production. Torrefaction is a thermochemical process conducted in the temperature regime between 200 and 300°C under an inert atmosphere that, among other benefits, aims to reduce the innate hydrophilicity and susceptibility to microbial degradation of biomass. The objective of this study was to examine water sorption properties of torrefied corn stover. The EMC of raw corn stover, along with corn stover thermally pretreated at three temperatures, was measured using the static gravimetric method at equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) and temperatures ranging from 10 to 98% and from 10 to 40°C, respectively. Five isotherms were fitted to the experimental data to obtain the prediction equation that best describes the relationship between the ERH and the EMC of lignocellulosic biomass. Microbial degradation of the samples was tested at 97% ERH and 30°C. Fiber analyses were conducted on all samples. In general, torrefied biomass showed an EMC lower than that of raw biomass, which implied an increase in hydrophobicity. The modified Oswin model performed best in describing the correlation between ERH and EMC. Corn stover torrefi...

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“…Substantial amount of adsorption at low relative pressures indicates the presence of additional microporosity. The narrowing of hysteresis loop for the membrane corresponding to the sol with pH 1.9 when compared to pH 9.5 sol may result from the increase in connectivity and the decrease in tortuosity of the pore network [17]. A change of isotherm to Type I for the membranes derived from sols with pH 2.7 and pH 3.5 is the evidence of the increased level of microporosity with a more uniform pore structure.…”

Section: Particle Size and Pore Structure Determinationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Preparation of particulate/polymeric sol–gel derived microporous silica membranes and determination of their gas permeation properties

Topuz

Çiftçioğlu

2010

Journal of Membrane Science

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a b s t r a c tMonodisperse silica sols with well-defined spherical particles ranging in size from 5 to 310 nm were prepared through Stober process. Both particulate and polymeric sol-gel routes were employed for the preparation of stable silica sols. The use of polymeric species in combination with particulate silica spheres may allow the design of predefined membrane pore structures with high thermal stability by cubic/random/close packing of monodisperse spherical particles incorporated into the polymeric network. The size and volume content of spheres were varied in order to modify the consolidation behaviour of 2-structural silica membranes which would enhance the thermal stability. The low shrinkage level for sphere loaded 2-structural systems compared to the pure polymeric counterparts might be explained by the decrease in the structural free energy of the polymeric/particulate 2-structural system. The thermal stability of the microporous membranes may thus be improved by incorporating particulates into the polymeric network through the formation of a lower extent of thermally induced microcrack formation. The N 2 permeation through 90 nm silica sphere added silica membranes remained constant when they were heat treated in the 250-400 • C range indicating the stability of the pore network.

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Methodology of Adsorption at the Gas–Solid Interface

Cited by 223 publications

References 38 publications

Graphene supported plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water splitting

Graphene supported plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water splitting

Effect of Torrefaction on Water Vapor Adsorption Properties and Resistance to Microbial Degradation of Corn Stover

Preparation of particulate/polymeric sol–gel derived microporous silica membranes and determination of their gas permeation properties

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