Methodology for the Optimal Design of a Hybrid Charging Station of Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles Supplied by Renewable Energies and an Energy Storage System

Abstract

The global energy system is changing, mainly to achieve sustainable transport technologies and clean electrical generation based on renewable sources. Thus, as fuels, electricity and hydrogen are the most promising transport technologies in order to reduce greenhouse emissions. On the other hand, photovoltaic and wind energies, including energy storage, have become the main sources of distributed generation. This study proposes a new optimal-technical sizing method based on the Simulink Design Optimization of a stand-alone microgrid with renewable energy sources and energy storage to provide energy to a wireless power transfer system to charge electric vehicles along a motorway and to a hydrogen charging station for fuel cell-powered buses. The results show that the design system can provide energy for the charging of electric vehicles along the motorway and produce the hydrogen consumed by the fuel cell-buses plus a certain tank reserve. The flexibility of the study allows the analysis of other scenarios, design requirements, configurations or types of microgrids.

Electric Vehicles Aggregation for Frequency Control of Microgrid under Various Operation Conditions Using an Optimal Coordinated Strategy

“…The life cycle of EV batteries is limited by the degradation of active materials owing to charge/discharge [34], caused by development and evolution of cracks in the dynamic materials in a similar process to the cyclic mechanical loading leading to fatigue in materials [35]. The factors influencing this effect can be categorized as temperature, depth of cycle, charge/discharge power, among others.…”

“…The particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm optimization toolbox (GAOT) algorithms are used to study frequency control based on the optimal values of the fuzzy controller parameters. In industry and power systems, FLC, adaptive control, and related controllers are extensively studied for diverse control objectives [34,35]. A PSObased FLC scheme is presented to discover the required frequency regulation performance of the microgrid integrated with renewable energy sources, non-renewable energy sources, and prosumers.…”

“…Accordingly, the fuzzy set theory was also applied for figuring out the most optimum compromised solution. The process and formulas involved in the solution are expressed in (21), and ( 22) [34]. A membership function denoted by µe is employed for representation of the eth objective function of the solution in Fe set.…”

Hybrid PV Systems and Colocalization of Charging and Filling Stations for Electrification of Road Transport Sector

“…[ 5 ] Therefore, for efficient electrification of the transport sector, colocalizing hydrogen refueling stations with EV charging stations might be a means to incorporate more intermittent renewable energy to the electrification of the transport sector. Several published articles describe the optimization of both battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), [ 6,7 ] but few of them explain the rationale for co‐localization. Recently though, it was shown that co‐localization of BEV and FCEV as a hybrid charging station reduced the net present cost by 2.1%.…”

Wind-Energy-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Resource Availability Data Analysis

“…In previous studies, integrating energy storage (i.e., backup batteries) into the electricity grid was the easiest way to reduce the intermittency, unpredictability, and power fluctuations, therefore providing a stable and continuous renewable electricity supply [16]. An energy hub (EH) that combines different types of energy sources (e.g., wind and energy storage) requires optimal management to reduce the wind uncertainties.…”