Methodology for Quantifying Residues of Chlorhexidine in Raw Dairy Milk

Hebert, Vincent R.; Middleton, John R.; Tomaszewska, Elizabeth; Fox, Lawrence K.

doi:10.1021/jf020915s

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…ChD leads to cell wall/membrane disruption, causing the loss of lipid components (Cheung et al 2012). Due to its high antimicrobial activity, ChD is used in hospital, veterinary and cosmetic products (Fiorentino et al 2010;Hebert et al 2003). In particular, ChD can be used in surgical scrubs, preoperative skin preparations, skin antiseptics and cleansers, wound protectors, Fátima T. Jesus and Rhaul Oliveira have contributed equally to this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal and sub lethal effects of the biocide chlorhexidine on aquatic organisms

et al. 2013

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Chlorhexidine is among the most used biocides in Europe, however its toxicity to aquatic organisms is scarcely known. The main objective of this study was to assess the lethal and sub lethal effects of chlorhexidine digluconate (ChD) on four aquatic model organisms: the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the crustacean Daphnia magna and the embryos of the fish Danio rerio. ChD was very toxic to algae and crustaceans, with a 72 h-EC50 of 62.2 μg/l and a 48 h-EC50 of 45.0 μg/l, respectively. Toxicity to fish embryos and the bacteria was lower, with a 96 h-EC50 of 804.0 μg/l and a 15 min-EC50 of 1,694.0 μg/l, respectively. Concerning sub lethal effects on D. magna (feeding inhibition) a 6 h-EC50 of 503.7 μg/l was obtained. In fish, ChD caused developmental abnormalities, namely alterations in the amniotic fluid (48 h-EC20 of 753.6 μg/l) and early hatching. Moreover, enzymatic biomarkers on fish embryos showed an induction of cholinesterase activity in all ChD tested concentrations (80-900 μg/l). The catalase activity was also induced at the highest concentration tested (900 μg/l) whereas no changes were observed for glutathione-S-transferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. The toxicity of ChD to the algae and crustacean raises concerns about its potential effects in aquatic food webs, since these organisms are in the base of trophic chains, and highlights the need for further studies on ChD toxicity to aquatic organisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal and sub lethal effects of the biocide chlorhexidine on aquatic organisms

et al. 2013

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“…Chlorhexidine is the active ingredient in many commercially available disinfectants, antiseptics, and oral-care products (41) and enters the environment primarily via sewage treatment plant effluents as a consequence of its significant usage in dental (15), medical (20), and veterinary applications (13). Its mode of action occurs via negatively charged groups on the cell surface, causing an irreversible loss of cytoplasmic constituents, as well as membrane damage and enzyme inhibition.…”

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confidence: 99%

Community-Level Assessment of the Effects of the Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Chlorhexidine on the Outcome of River Microbial Biofilm Development

Lawrence

Zhu

Swerhone

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Chlorhexidine is a common-use antibacterial agent found in a range of personal-care products. We used rotating annular reactors to cultivate river biofilms under the influence of chlorhexidine or its molar equivalent in nutrients. Studies of the degradation of [ 14 C]chlorhexidine demonstrated that no mineralization of the compound occurred. During studies with 100 g liter ؊1 chlorhexidine, significant changes were observed in the protozoan and micrometazoan populations, the algal and cyanobacterial biomass, the bacterial biomass, and carbon utilization. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) in combination with statistical analyses showed that the communities developing under control and 100 g liter ؊1 chlorhexidine were significantly different. At 10 g liter ؊1 chlorhexidine, there was significantly increased algal and cyanobacterial biomass while the bacterial biomass was not significantly affected (P < 0.05). No significant effects on protozoan or metazoan grazing were detected at the 10-g liter ؊1 chlorhexidine level. Fluorescent in situ hybridization indicated a significant reduction in the abundance of betaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria (P < 0.05). Archaeal cell counts were significantly reduced by both chlorhexidine and nutrient treatments. DGGE and statistical analyses indicated that 10 g liter ؊1 chlorhexidine and molar equivalent nutrient treatments were significantly different from control communities. In contrast to community level observations, toxicological testing with a panel of cyanobacteria, algae, and protozoa indicated no detectable effects at 10, 50, and 100 g liter ؊1 chlorhexidine. Thus, community level assessment indicated a risk of low levels of chlorhexidine in aquatic habitats while conventional approaches did not.

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“…This range is in the same order of that describes by Hebert et al [7], but with a run time of 22 minutes. Some authors [9,11,14,30] present better sensibility for CHD (LOD is 0.05 mg/l) quantitation but they don't quantify pCA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The lethal dose 50 percent kill is 310 mg·kg -1 and 100 mg·kg -1 for rat and mouse respectively. Liquid chromatography is the most widely used method for analysis of CHD [6]; UV detection around 250 nm is used for quantitative assays [7][8][9], while for the detection of impurities, mass spectrometry or photodiode array detectors are employed [10,11]. Other methods reported in the literature include fluorometry [12] and direct UV spectroscopy [13]; both of them have several disadvantages: lack of sensitivity, serious interference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid HPLC Method for Determination of Parachloroaniline in Chlorhexidine Antiseptic Agent in Mouthrinses, Ophthalmic and Skin Solution

Nicolay

Wolff²,

Vergnes³

et al. 2011

AJAC

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We described a simple and rapid method to quantify simultaneously chlorhexidine (CHD) and its major metabolite, para Chloroaniline (pCA) by HPLC with UV detection without the additional need of mobile-phase amine modifiers or ion-pairing reagents, with good resolution between pCA and CHD, symmetry peak of the compound and short run time. HPLC-UV analyses were performed using a Dionex® Summit liquid chromatograph (Dionex Corp, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Chromatographic separations were carried out on a Luna® 150 mm×3 mm i.d. column packed with 3 µm CN (cyano) particles (Phenomenex®), guarded by an on-line filter. Mobile phase consist of methanol:water with sodium chloride with 0.02% of formic acid (55:45). Wavelengths for pCA and for CHD are 238 and 255 nm respectively. Influence of methanol and of sodium chloride content in the eluant has been studied. Linearity of CHD is very good, from 0.5 up to 21.2 µg/l while linearity of pCA is in the range of 0.05 to 10 µg/l with correlation coefficients above 0.999. Resolution between the components is above 4, asymmetry is about 1.3 and 1.7 for pCA and CHD respectively and the run time is less than 5 minutes. This method has been applied to CHD solution of different medical devices. No interference has been reported, and the analysis of direct injection of solution, without any treatment is achieved in less than five minutes.In conclusion, we present a validated method for dosage of CHD and its major impurity pCA, known to be carcinogen, available into medical products or medicinal device for in-vitro diagnostic.

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Methodology for Quantifying Residues of Chlorhexidine in Raw Dairy Milk

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Lethal and sub lethal effects of the biocide chlorhexidine on aquatic organisms

Lethal and sub lethal effects of the biocide chlorhexidine on aquatic organisms

Community-Level Assessment of the Effects of the Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Chlorhexidine on the Outcome of River Microbial Biofilm Development

Rapid HPLC Method for Determination of Parachloroaniline in Chlorhexidine Antiseptic Agent in Mouthrinses, Ophthalmic and Skin Solution

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