Methodologies on the Enhanced Spatial Resolution of Non-Invasive Optical Brain Imaging: A Review

Abstract

Optical brain imaging (OBI) has the potential for a bright future thanks to its low cost and portability relative to other biomedical imaging modalities. Temporal and spatial resolutions are considered to be the discriminatory features for selection of biomedical imaging equipment. OBI systems, however, still face the bottleneck of limited spatial resolution. In this study, existing methodologies and designs for enhancement of spatial resolution of OBI are comprehensively summarized. This is the first study reviewing all such techniques, therefore, is beneficial for researchers working in this field. The study presents general overview of principle of OBI followed by pros and cons specifically the challenges in enhancement of spatial resolution. Later, different novel existing methodologies, algorithms design and configurations, phantom related studies presenting spatial resolution enhancement have been discussed. Finally, conclusion and future directions are presented with an idea to enhance the spatial resolution of OBI up to nanoscale. INDEX TERMS Optical brain imaging, spatial resolution, optical nano-antenna, fNIRS, fMRI, fast optical imaging.

A Review of Recent Innovations in Remote Health Monitoring

“…In the preceding section, the various devices used in health monitoring are described in detail. This section is devoted to presenting the methods executed in these monitoring systems [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Specifically, refs.…”

“…Refs. [51][52][53][54][55] address sensing and imaging technique systems. Table 3 describes an outline regarding the described literature in this section.…”

“…Lastly, we examine detection and imaging systems in [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], showcasing the versatile applications of remote health monitoring. The second part of this paper is dedicated to presenting the methods executed in these monitoring systems [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. This section provides valuable insights into the methodology behind remote health monitoring.…”

“…In addition, advancements in wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) are addressed in [49,50], highlighting its significance in the context of remote health monitoring. The section then concludes with [51][52][53][54][55], which focuses on sensing and imaging technique systems, providing a comprehensive understanding of the tools and techniques used in this field.…”

New Directions in Exercise Prescription: Is There a Role for Brain-Derived Parameters Obtained by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy?

“…In addition, in the field of exercise science, NIRS systems with LED sources (e.g., SRS-NIRS) are more suitable because they allow smaller and portable instrumentation and are safer in their application, as compared to NIRS systems with laser sources (e.g., FD-NIRS and TD-NIRS) [ 171 , 189 ]. More detailed information about the differences between CW-NIRS, SRS-NIRS, FD-NIRS, and TD-NIRS can be found in the referenced literature [ 98 , 171 , 174 , 180 , 181 , 183 , 185 , 186 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 ].…”