Methodological study of evaluating the traceability of neodymium based on the global substance flow analysis and Monte Carlo simulation

Morimoto, Shinichirou; Sanematsu, Kenzo; Ozaki, Kimihiro; Ozawa, Akihito; Seo, Yuna

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101448

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Additional case studies could provide information with regard to how the various MFA methodological approaches tend to differ and make it possible to use this more streamlined methodological approach to estimate the expected quantity of trade flows and identify missing values in a detailed MFA. Moreover, the analysis could be adjusted and improved by incorporating uncertainty analysis (Sanematsu et al., 2019; Wang & Ma, 2018; ). Uncertainty can originate from differences between various data sources, as well as from potential data gaps, such as when data are available for a different year than the year being assessed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streamlined approach for assessing embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt in the United States

Alonso

Pineault

Nassar

2022

J of Industrial Ecology

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In today's complex global supply chains, time and data intensive analyses are required to understand global flows of mineral commodities from mine to consumer, particularly for mineral commodities in products (electronics, automobiles, etc.) that contain multiple parts with many mineral commodities. National and regional analyses require additional time and data to incorporate international trade flows. However, data limitations and time constraints often prohibit global and national material flow analyses for minor metals. Here we present a methodological approach to circumvent these constraints by utilizing readily available industry‐level global data from the United Nations Statistics Division and national industrial data to estimate total requirements for a mineral commodity. We apply this approach to lithium and cobalt use in the United States for the year 2018 and distinguish between apparent raw material consumption versus inferred embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt materials in all forms. The results show that more than half of the United States’ total requirements for both lithium and cobalt is in parts and products that were manufactured outside the United States. In large part, this is due to limited US manufacturing capability for lithium‐ion battery materials and cells and the United States’ high import reliance for electronics that use those batteries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streamlined approach for assessing embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt in the United States

Alonso

Pineault

Nassar

2022

J of Industrial Ecology

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“… Note : Figures in this table are from the 2016 Minerals Yearbook by the USGS and previous studies (Fernandez, 2017; Gambogi, 2019; Morimoto, Sanematsu, Ozaki, Ozawa, & Seo, 2019). The complete table can be seen in Table S1‐1 in the Supporting Information S1.…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Static material flow analysis of neodymium in China

Geng

Hao

Sun

et al. 2020

J of Industrial Ecology

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Neodymium is one of the most important enabling materials for next‐generation clean technologies, especially electric vehicles and wind turbines. As the world's largest producer of rare earth minerals, China dominates the global neodymium supply and a considerable amount of primary neodymium resources are from illegal mining. Many studies have been conducted on the material flow of neodymium in different regions, but few studies focus on China. In this study, a static material flow analysis of neodymium is conducted to quantitatively analyze the industrial chain structure of neodymium in China and to calculate the neodymium output from illegal mining. The results quantitatively depict the neodymium material flow of each stage of China's neodymium industrial chain in 2016, which indicates that 12.3–17.0 kt of primary neodymium resources were from illegal mining. On the basis of the results, reasonable conclusions can be drawn that the recycling of neodymium from end‐of‐life products provides an important opportunity to both reduce illegal rare earth mining and cope with increasing neodymium demand.

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“…(2). In this equation, (γ i ) is the permanent magnet usage rate in the final product, (N i ) tons/unit is the amount of neodymium contained in each final product, and (JC i ) unit/year is the consumption of the final product in 2018 [16]. The values shown in Table 1 were used for (γ i ) and (N i ) in Eq.…”

Section: Consumption In Final Product and Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For neodymium, Du and Graedel [11] succeeded in estimating global stocks in 2011, and numerous studies on SFA were conducted in Europe [12], Korea [13], China [14], and Japan [15]. These studies have classified the flow of neodymium worldwide and by region, contributing to the analysis of its recycling potential [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scenario assessment of neodymium recycling in Japan based on substance flow analysis and future demand forecast

Morimoto

Kuroki

Narita

et al. 2021

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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With the increasing demand for energy-saving technologies, neodymium-iron-boron magnets have been widely utilized in high-efficiency motors. However, the reserves of neodymium, which is a rare earth element (REE), are limited; thus, a strategy for scaling up the REE supply is highly required. In this study, a scenario assessment was conducted to evaluate the effect of material recycling of neodymium from final product waste. Domestic substance flow analysis of neodymium was conducted by focusing on the waste flow of the final product. Moreover, the demand and waste of neodymium until 2050 were forecasted using various multivariate analysis methods. The results showed that the domestic waste of neodymium was forecasted to be 3866–4217 tons/year by 2050. However, material recycling of neodymium from final product waste may cause an additional increase in production by “circular economy rebound”. Considering that CO2 reduction has also been a global challenge to prevent global warming, the rebound effect was calculated. Therefore, a scenario assessment was conducted to evaluate the influence of this rebound effect by estimating the CO2 reduction. The results of this study are expected to make a significant contribution to the establishment of a new strategy for neodymium recycling.

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Methodological study of evaluating the traceability of neodymium based on the global substance flow analysis and Monte Carlo simulation

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Streamlined approach for assessing embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt in the United States

Streamlined approach for assessing embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt in the United States

Static material flow analysis of neodymium in China

Scenario assessment of neodymium recycling in Japan based on substance flow analysis and future demand forecast

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