Methodological Issues in Psychopathology Research

Sher, Kenneth J.; Trull, Timothy J.

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.371

Cited by 108 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…As stated by Sher and Trull (1996), experimental manipulations are valuable primarily in regard to the internal validity concerning etiological processes that are related to the dependent variables. Unlike past research, which was correlational in nature, the present study demonstrates that EA can play a causal role in the development of suspicious beliefs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the values of true experiments in analogue populations is the relative strength of the inferences that can be made in regard to the cause of the experimental results, which are typically thought to model psychopathological processes (e.g., Barch & Berenbaum, 1994;Sher & Trull, 1996). We hypothesised that a manipulation of EA would lead to variations in levels of suspiciousness among college students, and that this effect would be moderated by gender.…”

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Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Boden

Berenbaum

2007

Cognition & Emotion

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We investigated the causal relation between emotional awareness (EA) and suspiciousness, and whether this relation is moderated by gender. After inducing an unpleasant mood, we manipulated EA by having participants read one of two versions of a story (the high EA condition provided cues to what the participant was feeling and why, whereas the low EA condition did not). Following the manipulation, one sample of participants completed a measure of suspiciousness, and a second, independent sample of participants described their emotional state. Emotional Awareness Condition × Gender effects were obtained for suspiciousness and EA. Men in the low EA condition reported significantly higher levels of suspiciousness and lower levels of EA than men in the high EA condition. Women in both conditions reported equally high levels of EA, which were greater than those of men in both conditions, and the manipulation did not affect their levels of suspiciousness.There is broad consensus that emotions directly affect judgment, decision making, and information processing (Clore, Gasper, & Garvin, 2001;Gasper & Clore, 2000;Kahneman & Ritov, 1994;Lowenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001). Thus, it should come as no surprise that theorists have long posited a relation between emotions and delusional and peculiar beliefs (e.g., Kraepelin, 1899Kraepelin, /1989. In fact, unpleasant emotions are primary components of several contemporary models of delusions, including persecutory delusions (e.g., Freeman, Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, & Bebbington, 2002;Zigler & Glick, 1988). In support of these theories and models, empirical research examining clinical populations has found a relation between persecutory delusions and unpleasant emotions such as depression, fear, worry, and anger (e.g., Freeman & Garety, 1999;Kennedy, Kemp, & Dyer, 1992). Similarly, several studies conducted with non-clinical populations have also found a relation between suspiciousness (which we distinguish from paranoia as being of less than delusional severity), and unpleasant emotions, such as general unhappiness, depression, anger, and social anxiety (e.g., Martin & Penn, 2001;Rawlings & Freeman, 1996).That there is an association between suspiciousness/paranoia and increased levels of unpleasant affect is not in doubt. However, the experience of unpleasant affect may be only one of several facets of emotional experience that contribute to the development and maintenance of suspiciousness/paranoia. Models of paranoia have typically focused on excesses of unpleasant affect as a causal factor. We posit that emotional awareness (EA) is a second facet of emotional © 2007 Psychology PressCorrespondence should be addressed to: M. Tyler Boden, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61821, USA. mboden@s.psych.uiuc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study pu...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Boden

Berenbaum

2007

Cognition & Emotion

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“…Approximately half of all individuals with a DSM disorder meet criteria for at least one additional comorbid disorder (Kessler et al 1994;Robins and Regier 1991;Newman et al 1996), an issue that has implications for clinical practice and research design (Clark, Watson, and Reynolds 1995). If comorbid cases are present in a research sample (as they will be in unselected samples such as the one studied here), it is important to control for the potentially confounding effects of multiple disorders before interpreting the unique influence of a particular target disorder on later outcomes (Sher and Trull 1996). In our multivariate analyses we include statistical controls for the spectrum of symptoms (and diagnoses) before evaluating findings about associations between a…”

Section: Social Status and Mental Disorders 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Socioeconomic Status and Mental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study of Selection and Causation during Young Adulthood

Miech

Caspi

Moffitt

et al. 1999

American Journal of Sociology

497

442

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Over the past half century two competing hypotheses in sociological inquiry have provided interpretations of the well-documented association between low socioeconomic status and mental disorders. The selection hypothesis asserts that mental disorders impair status attainment, whereas the causation hypothesis states that conditions of life associated with low socioeconomic status markedly increase the risk of mental disorders. Using data from the longitudinal Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (n=1037), we examine selection and causation processes during the transition to young adulthood by investigating the mutual influence of mental disorders and educational attainment, a core element of socioeconomic status. The Dunedin Study follows a cohort from birth to age 21, and includes psychiatric diagnoses for study members at ages 15 and 21 using DSM criteria. We focus on the four disorders of anxiety, depression, anti-social disorder, and attention deficit disorder and find a unique relationship with socioeconomic status for each one. These findings highlight the need for (a) greater consideration of antisocial disorders in the status attainment process and (b) more theoretical development in the sociology of mental disorders to account for disorder-specific relations with socioeconomic status.

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“…The inclusion of indicators of these other psychopathology spectrums, along with the indicators of the externalizing spectrum developed here, will be very helpful in working toward a comprehensive, empirically based model of psychopathology. For example, the inclusion of indicators from other spectrums could enhance our understanding of the "specificity" (Sher & Trull, 1996) of various externalizing constructs, potentially revealing how these constructs also delineate spectrums beyond externalizing (e.g., how specific alcohol-related phenomena might be not only elements in the externalizing spectrum but also meaningfully related to the internalizing and psychotic spectrums).Finally, our model development endeavor was limited to cross-sectional data covering a wide adult age range. As such, we do not have the longitudinal data needed to characterize developmental patterns within the externalizing spectrum.…”

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Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum.

Krueger¹,

Markon²,

Patrick³

et al. 2007

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

747

869

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Antisocial behavior, substance use, and impulsive and aggressive personality traits often co-occur, forming a coherent spectrum of personality and psychopathology. In the current research, the authors developed a novel quantitative model of this spectrum. Over 3 waves of iterative data collection, 1,787 adult participants selected to represent a range across the externalizing spectrum provided extensive data about specific externalizing behaviors. Statistical methods such as item response theory and semiparametric factor analysis were used to model these data. The model and assessment instrument that emerged from the research shows how externalizing phenomena are organized hierarchically and cover a wide range of individual differences. The authors discuss the utility of this model for framing research on the correlates and the etiology of externalizing phenomena. Keywords drug; alcohol; impulsivity; aggression; classificationThe existence of individual differences in the tendency to contain versus express impulses has been recognized in academic psychology since its inception as a discipline (James, 1890(James, /1983. In more recent times, this domain has been instantiated in psychological constructs ranging from disinhibition (Clark & Watson, 1999;Gorenstein & Newman, 1980) to impulsivity (Barratt, 1994;Dickman, 1990;Gray, 1981;Whiteside & Lynam, 2001), ego control (J. Block, 1965; J. H. Block & Block, 1980), constraint (Tellegen, 1985), the problem behavior syndrome (Jessor & Jessor, 1977), sensation seeking (Zuckerman & Kuhlman, 2000), and novelty seeking (Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993). In addition, a dimension of effortful control is a salient feature of childhood temperament that likely relates to these disinhibitory personality characteristics in adulthood (Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000). Robust correlations have also been observed between these disinhibitory personality constructs and mental disorders involving substance problems and antisocial behavior (for a review, see Sher & Trull, 1994).In spite of these rich interrelations, many of these constructs continue to be studied and conceptualized as separate entities, in separate literatures. A major reason for this fragmentation is the lack of an integrative model of this domain (Widiger & Clark, 2000). The purpose of the current research is to further the development of an empirically based model of NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript this broad domain of personality and psychopathology, which we term the externalizing spectrum (Krueger, Markon, Patrick, & Iacono, 2005). Origins of the Externalizing Spectrum ConceptualizationAs applied to adult psychopathology, the externalizing spectrum conceptualization emerged initially from research on mental disorders defined within current nosologies. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text. rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), various forms of substance problems are conceptualized as discrete disorder...

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Methodological Issues in Psychopathology Research

Cited by 108 publications

References 192 publications

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Low Socioeconomic Status and Mental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study of Selection and Causation during Young Adulthood

Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum.

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