Method to determine van der Waals potential energy of particle interactions for soil clay by dynamic light scattering

Abstract

Soil particle interaction forces/energies control aggregation and breakup/dispersion processes, which further profoundly affect a series of soil micro‐ and macro‐processes. For soils with complex compositions, it is the interaction energy of different particles that determines particle aggregation and aggregate breakdown/dispersion. However, measuring the interaction energy for complex systems remains a challenge. In this study we proposed a method to measure this van der Waals potential energy using the dynamic light scattering technique. Firstly, the mathematic relationship between the mean aggregation rate and van der Waals potential energy was established. The mean aggregation rates of particles for either simple or complex systems can be facilely determined by the dynamic light scattering technique. Secondly, for verifying the availability of the suggested method, montmorillonite suspensions in four different electrolyte solutions (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2) were respectively employed to measure the van der Waals potential energy, which equals −17,817 ± 857 J mol−1 or −7.22 ± 0.304 kT with an average deviation of 4.22%; this directly verified the reliability of the suggested method. Thirdly, the proposed method was also verified indirectly and independently by the ratio of the electrostatic potential energy of particles to the presence of K+ and Na+, as compared with the ratios from the determined van der Waals potential energy of this study and from cation adsorption selectivity. Considering the dynamic light scattering technique has been widely applied for characterizing soil/clay/humus/microbe aggregation, the proposed method should be appropriate for measuring the van der Waals potential energy for all those systems. Highlights Develop a simple method to measure the mean interaction energy for complex systems. The mathematic relationship between the mean aggregation rate and van der Waals energy was established. A method to measure the van der Waals potential energy using the dynamic light scattering technique has been proposed. The van der Waals potential energy in the soil system can be measured in different electrolyte solutions and KCl might be the best one.

A simple criterion and experiments for onset of flocculation in kaolin clay suspensions

“…While this expression is derived for the case of ions with equal valence, it is also a good approximation for the case of two ions with different valence [55]. Additionally, while slight differences in the CCC of clays have been reported for different salts with the same valence number, these differences are generally less than one order of magnitude and thus fall within the error of this approximation [56,57,58].…”

Asymmetric Hybridization Orbitals at the Charged Interface Initiates New Surface Reactions: A Quantum Mechanics Exploration

“…Li et al , measured the aggregation rates of the mont under different NaCl and KCl concentrations. By employing the method developed by Jia et al and Li et al, the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) for the aggregation of montmorillonite particles in NaCl and KCl solutions are derived from the measured aggregation rates; see Figure .…”

“…DLS Measurements for Reaction Energies of Na + and K + at Montmorillonite Surfaces. Li et al 36,38 measured the aggregation rates of the mont under different NaCl and According to the Schulze−Hardy rule, NaCl and KCl should have approximately the same CCC. However, Figure 4 shows that the CCCs for montmorillonite aggregation in NaCl solutions are much higher than those in KCl solutions, indicating that K + rather than Na + corresponds to the obviously larger adsorption energy at montmorillonite surfaces.…”

“…To verify the proposed new theory in surface reactions, we will distinguish the classic energies of Coulombic interaction, the dipole moment interaction arising from the unusual polarization, and the new type covalent bonding on the surface reactions of Na + - and K + -montmorillonite respectively, from the activation energies of montmorillonite particle aggregation by DLS. For details of DLS measurements, please refer to the works of Li et al, Jia et al, and Li et al…”