Method of Hazard Occurrence Moment Definition in the Event of Pedestrian Knockdown Accident (Pedestrian Crossing the Road out of Walkway).

Assessment pedestrian crossing safety using vehicle-pedestrian interaction data through two different approaches: Fixed videography (FV) vs In-Motion Videography (IMV)

“…Applying these data provided a significant opportunity for researchers to study pedestrian safety from different perspectives in relation to influential factors such as human, environment, vehicle, and road. Despite numerous studies based on various scenarios on pedestrian safety through FV (Ābele et al, 2018;Hunter et al, 2015;Minhas et al, 2017b;Salamati et al, 2013;Serag, 2014) and IMV (Alferova et al, 2017;Antić et al, 2016;Habibovic et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2018;Sheykhfard & Haghighi, 2018;Sheykhfard & Haghighi, 2020), to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted on pedestrian safety on the outskirts areas connecting to the urban areas. However, according to statistics (Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, 2018; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Staff et al, 2017;WHO, 2018), a significant portion of pedestrian accidents annually occur on these routes.…”

Safety Margin Evaluation of Pedestrian Crossing through Critical Thresholds of Surrogate Measures of Safety: Area with Zebra Crossing versus Area without Zebra Crossing

“…Some of these factors are reported as traffic volume ( 20 ), number of road lanes ( 21 ), road lighting ( 22 ), pedestrian position ( 23 ), vehicle speed and vehicle-to-pedestrian distance ( 24 ), pedestrian risky movements ( 25 ), driver mistakes ( 26 ), driver behavior at bicycle infrastructure ( 27 ), rider and drivers at unsignalized intersections involving right turns ( 28 ), older drivers’ glance behavior while making left turns at intersections ( 29 ), pedestrian physical condition ( 30 ), and pedestrian age ( 31 ). Further elements which have also been stated as factors in the occurrence of pedestrian–vehicle accidents include the presence of billboards as a driver distraction ( 32 ), age and gender of the driver/pedestrian ( 33 , 34 ), driver’s evasive maneuvers ( 35 ), type of driver action when pedestrians approach a vehicle ( 4 ), size of acceptance gap by pedestrian ( 36 ), pedestrian risky behaviors such as running ( 3 ), pedestrian visibility ( 37 ), pedestrian walking speed ( 38 ), vehicle type ( 39 ), place of pedestrian crossing ( 40 , 41 ), and lack of attention from drivers or pedestrians ( 42 ).…”