Method for Determining the Probability of a Lack of Water Supply to Consumers

Szpak, Dawid

doi:10.3390/en13205361

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…As a result, drain water heat recovery systems are increasingly being used as part of sustainable [35] and energy-efficient [36] construction. They are also used in smart homes [37], and their implementation can contribute to improving the safety of the domestic hot water supply to the shower system [38]. It is worth noting that systems dedicated to drain water heat recovery can be successfully applied together with other environmentally friendly water-and energy-saving solutions [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

Kordana-Obuch

Starzec

2022

Energies

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Wastewater has significant potential as a source of clean energy. This energy can be used both within external sewer networks and on the scale of individual residential buildings, and the use of shower heat exchangers appears to be the most reasonable solution. However, in the case of Poland, the problem is still the unwillingness of society to use this type of solution, caused mainly by the lack of space for the installation of vertical drain water heat recovery (DWHR) units and the low efficiency of horizontal units. In response to this issue, the efficiency of a new compact shower heat exchanger designed to be mounted below the shower tray, as well as its linear counterpart, was investigated under various operating conditions. In addition, the financial efficiency of using the compact DWHR unit with average water consumption for showering was evaluated. For this purpose, discount methods were used to estimate the financial efficiency of investments. The study showed that the compact shower heat exchanger has higher efficiency than its linear counterpart. Depending on the temperature of cold water and the flow rate of both media through the heat exchanger, it achieves efficiencies ranging from 22.43% to 31.82%, while the efficiency of the linear DWHR unit did not exceed 23.03% in the study. The financial analysis showed that its use is particularly beneficial when the building uses an electric hot water heater. The investment’s sensitivity to changes in the independent variables is small in this case, even with low water consumption per shower. The only exceptions are investment outlays. Therefore, the compact DWHR unit is a clean energy device, which in many cases is financially viable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

Kordana-Obuch

Starzec

2022

Energies

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“…Water supply systems, due to their belonging to critical infrastructure, must be characterized by an appropriate level of operational reliability and safety [1,2]. The reliability of the water supply system is understood as its ability to perform its functions, in accordance with the requirements in terms of its functioning and safety, i.e., providing consumers with water in the right amount, of appropriate quality, under the right pressure, at an acceptable price at any time [3][4][5]. Currently, the topic of water supply is faced with many problems related to, among the others, the lack of access to water in developing regions, the appearance of new pollutants in tap water (microplastics, pharmaceuticals) and the functioning of the existing and aging water supply systems [1,3,[5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to learn about the mechanisms responsible for the reliability and safety of the water supply system functioning, in recent years much research has been done. One of the directions of this research is the water supply network failure analysis [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][11][12][13][14][15]. Over the years, many factors that affect the failure rate of the water supply network have been identified [3,[5][6][7]11,[16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Negative Daily Temperatures Influence on the Failure Rate of the Water Supply Network

2021

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As a part of the critical infrastructure, water supply systems must be characterized by an appropriate level of operational reliability and safety. One of the threats to this is the failure of the water supply network, influenced by many factors, among which we can distinguish internal factors related to the process of designing, construction and system operation, and external factors related to the impact of the environment. The paper presents the influence of negative daily temperature on the failure rate of the water supply network, taking into account the material of the pipes, their diameters, and the cause of failure. The research was carried out on operational data from the period 2004–2018 from the water supply network in a city located in south-eastern Poland. The relationship between the daily temperature and the failure rate of the water supply system has been shown. As the temperature values drop, the failure rate values increase. The biggest influence of the negative daily temperature on the water supply network failure rate is observed for cast iron pipes. PE and PVC pipes are more resistant to the influence of negative temperatures. The most common cause of failure is corrosion and unsealing of the pipes. Pipes with the diameters of 100, 150, 300, 350, and 400 mm in distribution and main networks turned out to fail most often. These results can be used by water supply companies to limit the influence of factors related to negative daily temperatures on the failure rate of the water supply network.

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“…Failures may arise as a result of random events or as a result of human activity, but most often they are the sum of several factors. The safety of the functioning of the CWSS belonging to CIs is ensured, when the system operator complies with the safety requirements, legal regulations and standards [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Moreover, in order to increase the safety of the water supply, the recommendations aimed to counteract water supply failures and their negative effects on the system operator.…”

Section: Risk Of Lack Of Water Supply In Normal Exploitation Of the W...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Concept of Crisis Water Management in Urban Areas Based on the Risk Maps of Lack of Water Supply in Response to European Law

Piegdoń

2022

Resources

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The paper presents issues related to ensuring the safety of water supply, based on the analysis and assessment of the risk of the lack of water supply to consumers using risk maps, in accordance with the current global trend recommended by guidelines and procedures, compliance with which should be a priority activity in the struggle against adverse events, related to the functioning of every collective water supply system (CWSS). The work contribution is the development of an original methodology of risk analysis and assessment for the needs of mapping the risk of a lack of water supply in the normal operation of the water supply network, as well as during a crisis. The presented methods take into account the quantitative aspect of the lack of water supply, with the possibility of extending the proposed solutions with a qualitative aspect. The article will contribute to the development of knowledge in the area of analysis and assessment of the risk of a water supply failure in PsDyW, and will determine new standards in its graphical presentation. It is a response to the World Health Organization (WHO) requirements of providing protection for the critical infrastructure and ensuring access to water for all citizens in the European Union.

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Method for Determining the Probability of a Lack of Water Supply to Consumers

Cited by 10 publications

References 46 publications

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

Analysis of the Negative Daily Temperatures Influence on the Failure Rate of the Water Supply Network

A New Concept of Crisis Water Management in Urban Areas Based on the Risk Maps of Lack of Water Supply in Response to European Law

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