Methicillin‐resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolated from a veterinary surgeon and five dogs in one practice

Leonard, Finola C.; Abbott, Y.; Rossney, Angela S.; Quinn, Patrick; O’Mahony, Rebecca; Markey, Bryan

doi:10.1136/vr.158.5.155

Cited by 62 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Several studies have implicated hospital surfaces contaminated with nosocomial pathogens, including MRSA, in the dissemination of hospital-acquired infections (Rampling et al 2001, Schultsz et al 2003, Hota 2004, Kramer et al 2006, Sexton et al 2006, Boyce 2007, Weber et al 2010, Otter et al 2011. Paralleling these are reports of the increasing role of MRSA in nosocomial infections in veterinary settings (Seguin et al 1999, Leonard, et al 2006, Weese et al 2007, Benedict et al 2008, McLean and Ness 2008, van Duijkeren et al 2010. A recent study of veterinary teaching hospitals accredited by the American Veterinary Medicine Association (AVMA) found that MRSA was the second most common pathogen (13/31, 42%) associated with nosocomial outbreaks (Benedict et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Presence, Distribution, and Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Small Animal Teaching Hospital: A Year-Long Active Surveillance Targeting Dogs and Their Environment

Balen

Kelley²,

Nava-Hoet³

et al. 2013

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to be present in small animal veterinary clinical environments. However, a better understanding of the ecology and dynamics of MRSA in these environments is necessary for the development of effective infectious disease prevention and control programs. To achieve this goal, a yearlong active MRSA surveillance program was established at The Ohio State University (OSU) Veterinary Medical Center to describe the spatial and molecular epidemiology of this bacterium in the small animal hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, and dendrogram analysis were used to characterize and analyze the 81 environmental and 37 canine-origin MRSA isolates obtained during monthly sampling events. Overall, 13.5% of surfaces were contaminated with MRSA at 1 or more sampling times throughout the year. The majority of the environmental and canine isolates were SCCmec type II (93.8% and 86.5%, respectively) and USA100 (90.1% and 86.5%, respectively). By PFGE analysis, these isolates were found to be closely related, which reflects a low diversity of MRSA strains circulating in the hospital. For 5 consecutive months, 1 unique pulsotype was the most prevalent across the medical services and was recovered from a variety of surfaces and hospital locations. Carts/ gurneys, doors, and examination tables/floors were the most frequently contaminated surfaces. Some surfaces maintained the same pulsotypes for 3 consecutive months. Molecular analysis found that incoming MRSApositive dogs were capable of introducing a new pulsotype into the hospital environment during the surveillance period. Our results suggest that once a MRSA strain is introduced into the hospital environment, it can be maintained and spread for extended periods of time. These findings can aid in the development of biosecurity and biocontainment protocols aimed at reducing environmental contamination and potential exposures to MRSA in veterinary hospital staff, clients, and patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Presence, Distribution, and Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Small Animal Teaching Hospital: A Year-Long Active Surveillance Targeting Dogs and Their Environment

Balen

Kelley²,

Nava-Hoet³

et al. 2013

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…Several reports have shown that MRSA can also spread in veterinary hospital settings from humans to animals (reverse zoonosis) and from animals to humans (zoonosis), and has the ability to survive in the environment (Seguin et al 1999, Van Duijkeren et al 2004, Weese et al 2004, Baptiste et al 2005, O'Mahony et al 2005, Leonard et al 2006). Not only is this a concern from the point of view of nosocomial transmission in veterinary hospitals and the negative effect on animal health, the presence of MRSA in veterinary settings is also a growing occupational health issue for the veterinary community, where staff and veterinarians could be routinely exposed to this pathogen (Benedict et al 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Veterinary Teaching Hospital During a Nonoutbreak Period

Hoet

Johnson

Nava-Hoet

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Concurrent to reports of zoonotic and nosocomial transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in veterinary settings, recent evidence indicates that the environment in veterinary hospitals may be a potential source of MRSA. The present report is a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of MRSA on specific human and animal contact surfaces at a large veterinary hospital during a nonoutbreak period. A total of 156 samples were collected using Swiffers Ò or premoistened swabs from the small animal, equine, and food animal sections. MRSA was isolated and identified by pre-enrichment culture and standard microbiology procedures, including growth on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with NaCl and oxacillin, and by detection of the mecA gene. Staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile were also determined. MRSA was detected in 12% (19/157) of the hospital environments sampled. The prevalence of MRSA in the small animal, equine, and food animal areas were 16%, 4%, and 0%, respectively. Sixteen of the MRSA isolates from the small animal section were classified as USA100, SCCmec type II, two of which had pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern that does not conform to any known type. The one isolate obtained from the equine section was classified as USA500, SCCmec type IV. The molecular epidemiological analysis revealed a very diverse population of MRSA isolates circulating in the hospital; however, in some instances, multiple locations/surfaces, not directly associated, had the same MRSA clone. No significant difference was observed between animal and human contact surfaces in regard to prevalence and type of isolates. Surfaces touched by multiple people (doors) and patients (carts) were frequently contaminated with MRSA. The results from this study indicate that MRSA is present in the environment even during nonoutbreak periods. This study also identified specific surfaces in a veterinary environment that need to be targeted when designing and executing infection control programs.

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“…S. aureus can give rise to a wide diversity of suppurative infections in animals. In line with that, MRSA have been isolated from diverse skin and STIs including abscesses, dermatitis, postoperative wound infections, and intravenous catheter or surgical implant infections [1,55,57,73,83,86,[87][88][89][90]. Morris et al [91] reported that MRSA were significantly more frequently associated with deep pyoderma in dogs than other strains of S. aureus.…”

Section: Occurrence In Companion Animalsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In a retrospective case-control study at three veterinary referral hospitals significant risk factors for the acquisition of a MRSA infection compared to a MSSA infection was the presence of a urinary catheter or a joint infection [93]. Invasive procedures, including the presence of foreign material such as suture material, orthopaedic implants, urinary catheters, central venous lines and chest drains appear to be associated with the persistence of MRSA infections [88,95]. Other identified risk factors associated with SSIs in general, but highly relevant in particular for staphylococci infections, include : improper surgical site clipping and aseptic preparation before surgery, duration of surgery, duration of anaesthesia, emergency vs. daytime surgery, surgical tissue handling, number of persons present in the operating room, and total length of hospital stay [95].…”

Section: Risk Factors For Colonization and Infection In Companion Animentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflection paper on MRSA in food-producing and companion animals: epidemiology and control options for human and animal health

et al. 2010

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SUMMARYThe scope of this reflection paper was to review the latest research on the risk of MRSA infection and colonization in animals. Attention focused on occurrence, risk factors for colonization and infection, and human contact hazard for livestock, horses, and companion animals. Whereas the clonal relationship between MRSA strains of CC398 is straightforward in livestock this is less obvious in horses. Small companion animals typically share MRSA strains that seem to exchange with a human reservoir. Management and therapeutic options have been suggested for livestock, horses, companion animals, as well as instructions on safety measures for persons in contact with animals. Conclusions were drawn with emphasis on future research activities, especially to confirm the apparent evolution of the organism and to demonstrate efficiency of control strategies.

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Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a veterinary surgeon and five dogs in one practice

Cited by 62 publications

References 24 publications

Presence, Distribution, and Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Small Animal Teaching Hospital: A Year-Long Active Surveillance Targeting Dogs and Their Environment

Presence, Distribution, and Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Small Animal Teaching Hospital: A Year-Long Active Surveillance Targeting Dogs and Their Environment

Environmental Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Veterinary Teaching Hospital During a Nonoutbreak Period

Reflection paper on MRSA in food-producing and companion animals: epidemiology and control options for human and animal health

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