Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>CC398 in Humans and Pigs in Norway: A “One Health” Perspective on Introduction and Transmission

Grøntvedt, Carl Andreas; Elstrøm, Petter; Stegger, Marc; Skov, Robert; Andersen, Paal Skytt; Larssen, Kjersti Wik; Urdahl, Anne Margrete; Angen, Øystein; Larsen, Jesper; Åmdal, Solfrid; Løtvedt, Siri M.; Sunde, Marianne; Bjørnholt, Jørgen Vildershøj

doi:10.1093/cid/ciw552

Cited by 91 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For comparative purposes, we included in the WGS-based phylogenetic analysis 16 porcine MRSA CC398 isolates from a previous Danish study (Grøntvedt et al, 2016) and 11 human MRSA CC398 isolates from the national MRSA database. The porcine isolates were selected to represent the three major phylogenetic groups in pigs in Denmark (Larsen, unpublished data).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horses in Denmark Are a Reservoir of Diverse Clones of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2017

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Denmark is a country with high prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex (CC) 398 in pigs. Even though pig farming is regarded as the main source of human infection or colonization with MRSA CC398, 10–15% of the human cases appear not to be linked to pigs. Following the recent reports of MRSA CC398 in horses in other European countries and the lack of knowledge on S. aureus carriage in this animal species, we carried out a study to investigate whether horses constitute a reservoir of MRSA CC398 in Denmark, and to gain knowledge on the frequency and genetic diversity of S. aureus in horses, including both methicillin-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Nasal swabs were collected from 401 horses originating from 74 farms, either at their farms or prior to admission to veterinary clinics. Following culture on selective media, species identification by MALDI-TOF MS and MRSA confirmation by standard PCR-based methods, S. aureus and MRSA were detected in 54 (13%) and 17 (4%) horses originating from 30 (40%) and 7 (9%) farms, respectively. Based on spa typing, MSSA differed genetically from MRSA isolates. The spa type prevalent among MSSA isolates was t127 (CC1), which was detected in 12 horses from 11 farms and represents the most common S. aureus clone isolated from human bacteremia cases in Denmark. Among the 17 MRSA carriers, 10 horses from three farms carried CC398 t011 harboring the immune evasion cluster (IEC), four horses from two farms carried IEC-negative CC398 t034, and three horses from two farms carried a mecC-positive MRSA lineage previously associated with wildlife and domestic ruminants (CC130 t528). Based on whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of the 14 MRSA CC398, t011 isolates belonged to the recently identified horse-adapted clone in Europe and were closely related to human t011 isolates from three Danish equine veterinarians, whereas t034 isolates belonged to pig-adapted clones. Our study confirms that horses carry an equine-specific clone of MRSA CC398 that can be transmitted to veterinary personnel, and reveals that these animals are exposed to MRSA and MSSA clones that are likely to originate from livestock and humans, respectively.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horses in Denmark Are a Reservoir of Diverse Clones of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2017

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“…In the latest survey from 2016, LA-MRSA was found in only one of 872 participating pig farms [12]. The reasons for this success can be explained by restricted import of live pigs and a control strategy which includes recommendations for targeted screening of personnel before working in pig herds, active surveillance of the pig population, and a ‘search and destroy’ policy on pig farms [13]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, there may be differences between the clonal structure of the Danish and Norwegian LA-MRSA populations and their tolerance to cefoxitin and aztreonam at the concentrations used in the 2-S method. Although we did not determine antimicrobial susceptibility or minimum inhibitory concentrations in our study, we do not believe this to be the case, as the vast majority of contemporary LA-MRSA isolates circulating in the Danish and Norwegian pig populations belong to the same clonal complex, CC398 [13,17]. Whole-genome sequencing analysis even showed that LA-MRSA CC398 isolates from the two countries are very closely related [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a widely used culture-based method for detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Denmark and Norway, 2014 to 2016

et al. 2017

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We evaluated a widely used culture-based method for detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in samples collected from pigs and the environment inside pig stables in Denmark and Norway. Selective enrichment in tryptic soy broth containing cefoxitin and aztreonam led to a high ratio of false-negative results (26%; 57/221). On this basis, we recommend reconsidering the use of selective enrichment for detection of LA-MRSA in animal and environmental samples.

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“…A new MRSA variant, CC398, which was first noted in Finland in 2007, has recently been found in animals, especially intensively reared production livestock such as pigs, cattle and poultry, and can be transmitted to humans (Salmenlinna et al, 2010). Transmission is mainly via occupational exposure, resulting in mild to serious infections and even death (Anderson et al, 2003;Salmenlinna et al, 2010;Smith & Wardyn, 2015;Grøntvedt et al, 2016).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance In Animal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance and implications of antibiotic resistance development in livestock and wildlife farming in South Africa: A Review

Honert¹,

Gouws²,

Hoffman³

2018

SA J. An. Sci.

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Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is regarded as one of today's major global health challenges. The development of ABR in nature is a complex phenomenon with many influencing factors, of which the farming industry is labelled a significant contributor. The transfer of ABR to humans, which usually occurs via the food chain, is of concern for human health. A food source that is increasing in popularity is game meat, which is farmed widely in South Africa. The natural environment, including wildlife, is not isolated from the rest of the farm, and thus could be a source of ABR or possibly a transfer vector. It is therefore important to assess the ABR situation in wildlife species and the factors that influence its emergence and transfer. Elements that play a part in the development of ABR in game species include certain harvesting and slaughtering and other farming practices and closer contact with humans and other farm animals. Additionally, natural transfer vectors include wind, water, manure, crops and animals. Worryingly, there is lack of knowledge of this situation owing to inadequate monitoring, documentation and control of antibiotics in the farming industry. The objective of this review was to gain better understanding of this situation, which would aid in the development of surveillance systems and methods to prevent or hinder the development of ABR in wildlife species. ______________________________________________________________________________________

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Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCC398 in Humans and Pigs in Norway: A “One Health” Perspective on Introduction and Transmission

Cited by 91 publications

References 22 publications

Horses in Denmark Are a Reservoir of Diverse Clones of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

Horses in Denmark Are a Reservoir of Diverse Clones of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

Evaluation of a widely used culture-based method for detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Denmark and Norway, 2014 to 2016

Importance and implications of antibiotic resistance development in livestock and wildlife farming in South Africa: A Review

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